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Gas Exchange NUR 125
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Individual risk factors for impaired gas exchange | Age, Smoking, Presence of chronic medical conditions, such as, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), heart failure (HF), Immunosuppression, Reduced state of, cognition, Brain injury, Prolonged immobility |
| Assessment of Gas Exchange | Past medical history, family history, current medications, lifestyle behaviors, occupation, social environment, problem based history |
| Acute Viral Rhinitis | disease caused by viruses that invade the upper respiratory tract through airborne droplets lasting 2-14 days |
| Signs and Symptoms of Acute Viral Rhinitis | Nasal dryness and stuffiness, sneezing, runny nose, headache, sore throat, lethargy, chills and fever (severe cases) |
| Complication of Acute Viral Rhinitis | developing viral or bacterial pneumonia |
| Rhinitis Medicamentosa | rebound congestion caused by misuse of nasal decongestants; characterized by chronic congestion |
| Antibiotics are ineffective for. . . | viral disease |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | chronic airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible |
| Two conditions that coincide with COPD | Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema |
| Chronic Bronchitis | Over time inhalation of harmful particles causes inflammation of bronchioles, alveoli, and blood vessels leading to thick mucous and fluid in the lungs that traps air in the alveoli |
| Cardiac Complication of Chronic Bronchitis or Emphysema | Cor Pulmonale (R sided heart failure) |
| Respiratory symptoms of chronic bronchitis | chronic cough (3 months out of the year for at least 2 years), dyspnea w/ exertion, heaviness in chest, use of accessory muscles, wheezing, stridor, and/or crackles |
| Abnormal lab values expected w/ chronic bronchitis and emphysema | Elevated RBC as body tries to compensate for lack of O2, PH <7.35 due to rising CO2 levels |
| PH of <7.35 due to impaired gas exchange | respiratory acidosis |
| Symptoms associated w/ Cor Pulmonale | Dyspnea, cyanosis, and peripheral edema |
| Emphysema | Elastic tissue in small airways is damaged, recoil diminishes and airways collapse leading to destruction of functional alveoli and inhibiting gas exchange, lungs become hyperinflated causing diaphragm to flatten and increase the use of accessory muscles |
| Respiratory symptoms of emphysema | dyspnea w/ exertion- eventually dyspnea at rest as well, pursed lip breathing, use of accessory muscles, prolonged expiration, wheezing |
| COPD risk factors | Most significant is smoking, prolonged exposure to air pollution, advanced age |
| COPD medical treatment | Oxygen 1-3L, Chest physiotherapy, Exercise, Small frequent meals, hydration, bronchodilators |
| COPD surgical interventions | Lung volume reduction surgery, bullectomy, lung transplant |
| Aplastic Anemia | Anemia characterized by complete failure of bone marrow; extremely low RBC, WBC, and platelets; cause of bone marrow failure is never identified |
| Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | Anemia characterized by blood cells destroyed in circulation, not a problem with bone marrow; can occur in newborns if mother has Rh- blood and baby has Rh+; transfusion can cause this if lymphocytes in donor blood make antibodies against the recipient |
| Pernicious Anemia | Anemia characterized by vitamin B12 not being absorbed from the stomach, may lack intrinsic factor essential for B12 absorption |
| Risk factors for Aplastic Anemia | Drugs- streptomycin, exposure to toxins, exposure to radiation |
| Risk factors for Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | Infections, drug reactions, cancers |
| Risk factors for Pernicious Anemia | Gastrectomy, Gastric Bypass |
| Iron deficiency Anemia | Anemia characterized by insufficient iron intake or problems with absorption of iron in the GI tract, body cannot make adequate amounts of hemoglobin |
| Iron deficiency Anemia Risk factors | older adults w/ poor eating habits |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | RBCs are sickle shaped and more fragile, can become stuck in small capillaries obstructing blood flow |
| Sickle Cell Anemia Risk Factors | being African American |
| Symptoms of Sickle Cell Crisis | lasts 1-10 days, tissue hypoxia causing severe pain, low RBC counts, fatigue, jaundice, cardiomegaly |
| Diagnosis of Sickle Cell | Detected before birth by chorionic villli sampling or amniocentesis; sickledex (sickling test), radiographs and scans to detect clot or bleeding |
| Nursing priorities for sickle cell patients | control pain, educate patients about stressors and what to avoid, reduce anxiety |
| Complications of Sickle Cell | fever, vomiting, hematuria, convulsions, stiff neck, coma, risk of stroke |
| Antitussive Agents | Suppress cough center in the brain |
| Saline Solutions | Commonly given to pediatric patients who cannot take antihistamines or cough suppressants; moistens mucous membranes |
| Antihistamines | Blocks histamine from from H1 receptor sites |
| Nursing Considerations for decongestants | use with caution in patients with history of hypertension due to vasoconstriction; teach proper use to avoid rhinitis medicamentosa |
Created by:
valenep5687
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