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Mastering biology
chapter 20 blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system? | Most exchange between the blood and the tissue fluid occurs across capillary walls. |
| The brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries are examples of ______ arteries. | distributing |
| The term microvasculature (or microcirculation) refers to which of the following? | arterioles, capillaries, venules |
| True or false: The diameter of some capillaries is even smaller than the diameter of a red blood cell. | true |
| Which term refers to a small vessel that empties into a capillary? | Arteriole |
| Which best defines a capillary bed? | A network of capillaries supplied by a single arteriole or metarteriole |
| Arterial sense organs monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure in order to help regulate which of the following? Select all that apply | Respiration rate Heart rate |
| Which are regarded as the capacitance vessels because they expand easily to accommodate an increased volume of blood? | veins |
| Where does most of the exchange of nutrients, wastes, and hormones between the blood and body fluids occur? | Capillaries |
| Portal systems occur in which of the following? Select all that apply | Kidneys Between the intestines and liver Between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
| Which term refers to the arterioles, capillaries, and venules? | Microvasculature |
| The flow of blood per given volume or mass of tissue is known as | perfusion |
| The capillary wall consists of which of the following layers? Select all that apply | Basal lamina Endothelium |
| Which is defined as the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall? | Blood pressure |
| Capillaries are organized into networks called which of the following? | Capillary beds |
| Peripheral resistance is directly affected by which of the following? Select all that apply | Blood viscosity Vessel radius Vessel length |
| The type of blood vessel regarded as capacitance vessels are | veins |
| The ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis is known as autoregulation | autoregulation |
| Which refers to a circulatory route in which blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart? | portal system |
| Which term refers to the growth of new blood vessels? | Angiogenesis |
| True or false: The femur has greater blood flow but less perfusion than the ovary. | true |
| The vasomotor center regulates which of the following? | vasomotion |
| is defined as the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall. | blood pressure |
| Which type of reflex adjusts respiration rate in response to changes in blood chemistry? | Chemoreflexes |
| As blood flows through vessels, it encounters forces, caused by several factors, that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called peripheral | resistance |
| What is hypercapnia? | An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Which term refers to the mechanism that describes the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis? | Autoregulation |
| A general insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called ______. | ischemia |
| The growth of new blood vessels is called | Angiogenesis |
| Where is the vasomotor center located? | Medulla oblongata |
| Angiotensin II Match each hormone to its description. | Potent vasoconstrictor that raises the blood pressure |
| Aldosterone Match each hormone to its description. | Promotes Na+ retention, which increases blood volume and raises blood pressur |
| Natriuretic peptides Match each hormone to its description. | Promotes Na+ excretion, which reduces blood volume and lowers blood pressure |
| Antidiuretic hormone Match each hormone to its description. | Increases blood pressure by promoting water retention; acts as a vasoconstrictor at extremely high concentrations |
| Which term refers to the feedback response to blood pressure changes? | Baroreflex |
| Which hormone is called the "salt-retaining hormone" because it increases blood pressure by promoting sodium retention in the kidneys? | Aldosterone |
| An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood is known as ______. | hypercapnia |
| Which hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and bind to α-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| A thrombosis can cause which of the following? | Ischemia |
| True or false: Vasomotion may lead to the rerouting of blood from one area of the body to another area. | true |
| Which term refers to the growth of new blood vessels? | Angiogenesis |
| Chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include which of the following? | Antibodies Glucose Oxygen Hormones |
| Which hormones influence blood pressure? | Angiotensin II Epinephrine Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Aldosterone |
| Which substances leave the blood by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells? | carbon dioxide steroid hormones oxygen |
| True or false: Aldosterone leads to decreased blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and thus water by the kidneys. | false |
| is a process in which endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicles across the cell, and discharge the material on the other side by exocytosis. | transcytosis |
| Which hormone binds to adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels and raises blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction? | Epinephrine |
| Which statement best summarizes the general process of capillary fluid exchange? | Fluid moves out of a capillary bed at the arterial end, exchanges materials with the tissue cells, then reenters the blood at the venous end. |
| Which are functions of vasoreflexes? | They help regulate blood pressure. They modify perfusion to an organ or tissue. |
| Edema may be caused by which of the following? | Reduced capillary reabsorption Increased capillary filtration Obstructed lymphatic drainage |
| True or false: Capillary exchange is a two way movement of fluids and substances. | true |
| Venous return refers to the flow of blood back to which of the following? | heart |
| Which can diffuse directly across the plasma membrane without the help of membrane channels, filtration pores, or intercellular clefts? | oxygen |
| True or false: Exercise decreases venous return. | false |
| Which mechanism of transport likely accounts for the smallest fraction of solute exchange across the capillary wall? | Transcytosis |
| Which term refers to a state of cardiac output inadequate to meet the metabolic needs of the body? | Circulatory shock |
| Interstitial fluids typically enter the venous end of a capillary bed via which process? | osmosis |
| The accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue is called | edema |
| Transient ischemic attacks are characterized by which of the following? | Temporary dizziness Temporary loss of vision Temporary weakness Headache Temporary paralysis |
| Which term refers to the flow of blood back to the heart? | Venous return |
| During strenuous exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. Which type of vessels dilate in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine to facilitate this? | Arterioles |
| Which increases venous return during exercise? | The heart beats faster, increasing blood pressure. Increased muscle contraction enhances action of the skeletal muscle pump. Increased breathing enhances action of the thoracic pump. |
| shock is caused by inadequate pumping by the heart. | Cardiogenic |
| Which is true about pulmonary circuit as compared to the systemic circuit? | Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood and veins carry oxygen-rich blood |
| Which statement best summarizes the general process of capillary fluid exchange? | Fluid moves out of a capillary bed at the arterial end, exchanges materials with the tissue cells, then reenters the blood at the venous end. |
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