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Drug names/classes
PHM230 Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemical name | scientific name of a medication, precisely describes atomic and molecular structure |
| dosage form | drug formulation |
| dose | amount of a drug required for one application or administration |
| dosing schedule or dosing regimen | how frequently the drug dose is administered |
| drug | substance used to diagnose, treat, cure, prevent, or mitigate disease. also any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify, or to explore physiological system or pathological state for benefit of recipient |
| brand or trade name | proprietary name given by drug company and protected by copyright. |
| drug delivery system | dosage form or device designed to release a specific amount of drug |
| enteral | any oral route of drug administration |
| generic name | known as the official name. non proprietary name, cannot be trademarked. typically given by inventor/discoverer of the drug, but must be approved by national or international naming authority. can have many trade or brand names for one generic. |
| homeopathic medicine | drugs that are administered in minute quantities and stimulate natural body healing systems |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| legend drug | drug that is required by state or federal law to be dispensed by a prescription only. prescriptions must be written for legitimate medical condition and issued by a practitioner authorized to prescribe |
| lipid | fat like substance |
| lipophilic | lipid loving |
| materia medica | medicinal materials |
| over-the-counter (OTC) drug | drug that may be obtained without a prescription |
| proprietary name | trade or brand name for a medication |
| sources of drugs | plants, animal products, inorganic compounds, microbiological sources, recombinant DNA, semi synthetic and synthetic sources |
| plant source | oldest source of drugs. almost all parts of the plants are used: leaves, stem, bark, fruits, and roots |
| animal products source | used to replace human chemicals. used less frequently due to genetic engineering (known as recombinant DNA technology) |
| minerals (inorganic) source | such as iron, gold, fluoride, aluminum, zinc, magnesium |
| semi synthetic source | when the nucleus of a drug is obtained from natural sources is retained but the chemical structure is altered |
| synthetic source | when the nucleus of the drug from natural sources AND the chemical structure is altered. |
| Recombinant DNA technology | involves cleavage of DNA by an enzyme. desired gene is hooked to a rapidly replicating DNA, which could be viral, bacterial or plasmid. new genetic material inserted into the bacterial cultures which allow production of vast amount of genetic material |
| drug copyright length of time | manufacturers to new drugs may be given 20 years exclusive rights to manufacture and market new drug |
| generic vs brand | generic contain same active ingredient as original manufacturer's drug, same strength and dosage form, may contain different inactive ingredients. |
| absorption | process involving the movement of drug molecules from the site of administration into the circulatory system |
| ADME | absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion |
| agonist | drug that binds to its receptor site and stimulates a cellular response |
| antagonist | drug that binds to the receptor site and does not produce an action or blocks an action |
| antagonism | drug drug or drug food interaction that causes decreased effects |
| cell membrane | biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment |
| classification/subclassification | categories of medications |
| diffusion | passive movement of molecules across cell membranes from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration |
| distribution | process of movement of the drug from the circulatory system across barrier membranes, the site of action |
| indications | in medicine, a condition which makes a particular treatment or procedures advisable. what the medication is used for in treatment |
| mechanism of action (MOA) | how the medication works on the systemic system |
| organic vs inorganic | organic is carbon-based; inorganic refers to metals and their salts |
| pharmacodynamics | study of drugs and their action on the living organism. what the drug does to the body |
| pharmacokinetics | what the body does to the drug |
| pharmacology | study of how drugs (medications) affect a biological system. includes chemical and physical properties, toxicology, and therapeutics |
| schedule of controlled medications | classification of medications by risk for addiction and/or abuse. categorized Schedule 1 - Schedule 5, schedule 1 is most addictive |
| Therapeutics | branch of medical science dealing with the application of remedies to diseases |
| treatment (Tx) | administration or application of remedies to a patient or for a disease or an injury; medicinal or surgical management; therapy |
| Drug classes | Group of drugs that have something in common. A drug can belong to one or more classes. Similar but not identical. related in chemical structure, work in the same way, used for the same purpose. |
| Therapeutic classification | based on therapeutic intent. work in different ways, not chemically similar, have different MOAs |
| Pharmacologic classification | based on MOA and includes only those drugs that have the same similar MOA. describe a drug's properties in a specific way. necessary when determining specific treatment |
| Clues to pharmacologic class | generic drugs in same pharmacologic class often have same prefix/suffix. similar attributes: MOA,indications,contraindications and precautions,drug interactions, adverse reactions and side effects. may differ in dosages, time action profile, availability |
| classifications based on source | natural source, synthetic source, semi-synthetic source, biosyntheic source (recombinant human erythropiotin, recombinant bovine somattrotropine) |
| classifications based on target organ | acting on CNS, Respiratory System, CVS, GIT, Urinary System, reproductive system, etc... |
| classifications based on mode of action | inhibitors... blockers.... |
| classifications based on physiological system | sympathomimetics, parasympathomimetics, neuromuscular blockers |
| classification based on physical effects | emollients, caustics, demulcents |
| prototype drug | comparative drug for how a drug of that class should react (for opiates the prototype is morphine, for antibiotics the prototype is penicillin) |
| Schedule I | substances in this schedule have no currently accepted medical use in the US, lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and a high potential for abuse |
| Schedule II | high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence |
| Schedule III | potential for abuse less than Schedule I and II and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence |
| Schedule IV | have a low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III |
| Schedule V | low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule IV and consist primarily of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics |
| Albumin | main plasma protein within the blood system |
| bioavailability | extent to which a drug reaches the site of action and is available to produce its effects |
| blood perfusion | the flow of blood through the vessels of the body, on its way to the capillary beds in various tissues which receive bloodflow. decreased bloodflow can be dangerous as tissues can be quickly damaged by restricted bloodflow |
| bound and unbound drug | referring to a binding at a site on a carrier such as albumin protein or not |
| capillaries | composed of a single layer of endothelial cells |
| co administration or concurrent administration | administration of two different medications at the same time |
| endothelial cells | the cells lining the inner walls of the blood vessels |
| microvilli | microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells and minimize any increase in volume, are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption |
| solubility | capability of being dissolved |
| 3 phases of drug actions within the body | Pharmaceutic, Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic |
| Pharmaceutic Phase | dissolution of the drug, drug must dissolve and be in solution form to be absorbed |
| Pharmacokinetic Phase | involves the absorption of a medication, distribution throughout the systemic system, and metabolism of the medication, then the excretion of the drug. Drugs injected do not go through this phase. Drugs going through the GI tract have an absorption phase |
| Pharmacodynamic Phase | |
| rate of absorption | determined by the characteristics of the drug, the dosage form, route of administration, and human anatomy and physiology |
| Intravascular (IV) administration | less variability in absorption and no loss of drug. bioavailability is often near 100% |
| drug absorption | determined by drug's physiochemical properties, formulation, and route of administration |
| cell membranes | biological barriers that selectively inhibit passage of drug molecules |
| passive transport | absorbed by passive diffusion move from a region of greater concentration to a region of lesser concentration by penetrating lipid bilayer of a cell or by channels that have an open a closed gate that is opened by a systemic signal, facilitated diffusion |
| active transport | move across cell membranes without regard to concentration, with the help of carrier proteins plus energy known as ATP |
| agonist/antagonist | agonist mimics phyisological effect antagonist inhibits physiological effect |
| lipophilic drugs | lipid loving, when small enough can move across the lipid layer of the cell |
| hydrophilic drugs | water loving, can pass through channels |
| absorption is dependent upon | available surface area, drug formulation, solubility, interactions, route of administration, availability of circulating blood-site of action, pain stress & disease state can alter absorption, ph level of body-urinary ph changes-renal reabsorption blocked |
| factors influencing absorption | blood flow, greater blood supply-better absorption; microvilli-increase surface area of small intestine so the absorption increases the longer the drug is in contact with absorbing surface, exercise increases blood flow and application of heat. |
| distribution | the reversible transfer of drug from one location to another within the body. process of movement of the drug from circulatory system, across barrier membranes, to the site of action |
| volume of drug distributed influenced by | chemical characteristics of drug, the extent of drug binding to blood proteins or tissue, blood supply to region, ability of drug to cross natural body barriers (water compartments or to fat cells or proteins) |
| water compartments | plasma, extracellular fluid, or body water |
| when drug enters into systemic circulation by absorption or direct administration (IV) | it must be distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids |
| Blood supply to different body regions | high blood flow, rapid distribution: brain, heart, kidney low blood flow, slow distribution: skin, skeletal muscle, adipose (fat) tissue |
| factors effecting distribution | plasma protein binding, coadministration of medications, drug dose stored, pregnancy, blood brain berrier (BBB) protection |
| anatomical barriers to distribution | blood-brain barrier, blood-testicular barrier, pacental barrier, |
| Bile | dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, aids in digestion of lipids in the small intestine |
| biotransformation | the alteration of a substance, such as a drug, within the body; referring to metabolism |
| Clearance (CL) | pharmacokinetic measurement of the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed per unit time |
| Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) | represents a family of isozymes (enzymes) responsible for biotransformation of many drugs- located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of several tissues, found in the liver |
| drug concentration | the amount of drug in a given volume of plasma (number of micrograms of drug per milliliter of plasma |
| enzymes | biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reaction occur everywhere in life |
| half-life | period of time required for the concentration of amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half. usually consider the half life of a drug in relation to the amount of the drug in plasma. it takes approx 8 half lifes to fully eliminate drug from body |
| metabolite | intermediate products of metabolic reactions catalyzed by various enzymes that naturally occur within cells. usually used to describe small molecules |
| prodrug | medication or compound that, after administration, is metabolized (converted) into a pharmacologically active drug. inactive prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive medications that are metabolized into an active form within the body |
| steady state | amount of medication absorbed is equal to the amount of medication eliminated. absorption = elimination provides max therapeutic effects |
| therapeutic effect | consequence of a medical treatment of any kind, the results of which are judged to be desirable and beneficial |
| duration of action | the time between the onset of action and discontinuation of drug action |
| AUC (area under the curve) | amount or concentration of drug in blood plasma against time |
| intensity | strength or potency of a drug's effect |
| therapeutic window | the range of dosage of a drug or of its concentration in a bodily system that provides safe effective therapy |
| MTC | minimum toxicity concentration |
| MEC | minimum effective concentration |
| first pass effect | describes process whereby the liver metabolizes many drugs, sometimes to such an extent that only a small amount of active drug emerges from the liver to rest of circulatory system. this reduces bioavailability. this occurs in oral dosages of medicine |
| enterohepatic recycling | drugs eliminated in the bile are available for re-absorption in the GI tract. prolongs the time required for the drug to be eliminated from the body |
| onset of action | time it takes a drug to reach the concentration necessary to produce an intended therapeutic effect, or to start to work |
| peak effect | maximum drug effect produced by a drug once the drug has reached its maximum concentration in body |
| addiction | compulsive physiological need for and use of a habit forming substance, characterized by tolerance and by well defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal |
| adverse drug reactions (ADR) | injury caused by taking a medicine. may occur after a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug, or result from combination of two or more drugs |
| affinity | its ability to bind to its biological target (receptor, enzyme, transport system, etc) |
| anaphylaxis | allergic reaction, immune system overreacts to allergen by releasing chemicals that cause allergy symptoms |
| controlled drugs | controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation |
| dependence | the body's physical need, or addiction to a specific agent. virtually no difference between dependence and addiction. overtime dependence results in physical harm, behavior problems, and association with people who also abuse drugs |
| idiosyncratic | unexpected reaction to a medication, unpredictable |
| narcotic | a drug that in moderate doses dulls the senses, relieves pain, and induced profound sleep but in excessive dosages causes stupor, coma, or convulsions |
| non-narcotic | medications used to control pain and inflammation such as non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
| opioids | substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. most often used medically to relieve pain |
| receptor | chemical group or molecule (as a protein) on the cell surface or in the cell interior that has an affinity for a specific chemical group, molecule, or virus |
| site of action | specific target site to which the drug binds |
| specificity | describe the capacity of a drug to cause a particular action. very specific to a set of receptors |
| tolerance | person's diminished response to a drug, which occurs when the drug is used repeatedly and the body adapts to the continued presence of the drug |
| factors influencing metabolism | liver function, disease, age, concurrent administration of drugs, genetics, nutrition, foods, gender |
| drug metabolism | aka xenobiotic metabolism, biochemical process involving transformation of active drugs to a compound that can be easily eliminated or prodrugs to active drugs |
| excretion | the elimination of a drug from an organism in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite |
| Kidney eliminates drugs | in urine |
| Lung eliminates drugs | in expired air |
| Bowel eliminates drugs | in feces |
| Liver eliminates drugs | in bile |
| Skin eliminates drugs | in sweat |
| Eyes eliminates drugs | in tears |
| Mouth eliminates drugs | in saliva |
| Nose eliminates drugs | in mucus |
| Penis eliminates drugs | in semem |
| Breast eliminates drugs | in breast milk |
| factors influencing elimination | kidney function, disease |
| Goal of therapeutics | to mimic normal physiology or inhibit abnormal physiology |
| Loading dose | achieve effects quickly, initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose |
| maintenance dose | reach steady state |
| plasma concentrations | reflects dosage, absorption, bioavailability, half life, rate of metabolism, and excretion |
| factors influencing drug effects | desensitization factors from repeated drug exposure, idiosyncratic reactions, environmental factors, drug tolerance, cumulative effect |
| patient factors influencing drug response | age, weight, gender, genetics, pathologic such as disease, physiologic factors such as pregnancy, immunologic factors, patient develop antibodies to a drug |
| Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) | classified as type A (augmented) and type B (bizarre) |
| Risk factors with ADRs | elderly patients, multiple drug therapy (Polypharmacy), may be localized or affect entire body, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity are two serious side effects. |
| ADR signal detection | reported info on a possible causal relationship between an adverse event and a drug, signal is not a confirmed adverse reaction. usually more than a single report is required to generate a signal depending on quality of info. |
| FDA MedWatch (U.S.) | ADRs should be reported. used to update product labeling, advise healthcare professionals of warnings, reevaluate the drug's approval. |
Created by:
ChemeketaPHM2021
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