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Heart / Circulatory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vena cava is considered what circulatory system | Systemic system |
| Atrioventricular valves, location and names | Right AV valve = tricuspid between the R. atrium and R. ventricle, Left AV valve = bicuspid , between the L. atrium and L. ventricle |
| Semilunar valves, location and names | Pulmonary semilunar valve at pulmonary trunk from R. ventricle and Aortic semilunar valve at the aorta and L. ventricle |
| Pulmonary veins drain blood into what | Left atrium, oxygenated blood from the lungs |
| Points on the external body to listen to the heart or lungs are called what | Auscultation points |
| Pericardium sac does what | Keeps heart chambers from overfilling and anchors the heart to thoracic cavity, Parietal layer and Fibrous layer |
| Pericarditis is what | Inflammation of the Pericardium from excess fluid leaving blood and building up in the cavity |
| Cardiac Tamponade is what | When too much fluid builds up around the heart inhibiting the ability to fill the chambers enough |
| Atrioventricular Sulcus is what | Coronary Sulcus that separates the Atria and the Ventricles |
| Interventricular Sulcus is what | Sulcus that separates the L. and R. ventricles, has anterior and posterior |
| The visceral layer of the pericardium is also called what | Epicardium |
| Tendinous Cords or Chordae Tendineae are what | Collagen fibers that extend from the papillary muscles to the free edges of the cusps of the AV valves |
| What keeps the AV valves from inverting back into the atria during ventricular contraction | The papillary muscles and tendinous cords |
| What keeps the semilunar valves from inverting, as they do not have papillary muscles or cords | Hydrostatic pressure of the ventricles and Aorta |
| Cardiac muscle fibers nucleus are where | One to two centrally located nuclei |
| Name for the cardiac muscle cell plasma membrane | Sarcolemma |
| Starting position of the coronary arteries | Left and Right coronary arteries start at the left and right side of the aorta just superior to the aortic valve |
| Branches of the Left Coronary Artery | Circumflex, Anterior interventricular, and Left marginal |
| Branches of the Right Coronary Artery | Right marginal, Posterior interventricular arteries |
| 4 Coronary veins are | Great coronary, Middle, Small, Coronary Sinus |
| Location of the Great coronary vein | Anterior interventricular sulcus |
| Location of the Middle coronary vein | Posterior interventricular sulcus |
| Location of the Small coronary vein | Companion to the Right marginal artery |
| Name for the system that is a collection of cells that initiates and conducts electrical signals of the heart | Conduction system |
| Structures of the Conduction system | Sinoatrial Nodes, Atrioventricular Node, Atrioventricular Bundle, Left and Right Atrioventricular Branches, Purkinje Fibers |
| Increasing the rate and force of the heart is conducted by which nerve system | Sympathetic ; cardioacceleratory center can only modify rate and force |
| 2 stimulations required for a heart beat | Conduction system and Action potential |
| RMP of the Sinoatrial Nodal cell | -60 mV threshold is at -40 mV |
| Depolarization of SA cell process is | Slow sodium channel open to -40, Fast calcium open to +mV, depolarization , then potassium open to repolarize to -60 |
| Depolarization of the Cardiac Cell is | Fast sodium channel , Slow calcium channel and potassium channel |
| Term for the SA nodal cell to depolarize and initiate an action potential spontaneously without external infruence | Autorhythmicity |
| Term for the end of repolarization and the start of the next action potential in the SA cell; OR able to reach threshold of -40 without external stimulation | Pacemaker Potential , |
| What causes the cardiac muscle to have the Plateau | Potassium leaving the cell while Calcium is entering, causing the cell to stay depolarized |
| Term for the period of time that the muscle can not generate another Action Potential | Refractory Period |
| Wave that indicates the Atria has depolarized | P wave |
| Complex that indicates the Ventricles have depolarized | QRS complex, this is also the time that the atria repolarize but can not be heard |
| Wave that indicates the the Ventricles have repolarized | T wave |
| Segment that indicates that the Atria are contracting | P-Q segment |
| Segment that indicates that the Ventricles are contracting | S-T segment |
| Term for any abnormal electrical activity of the heart | Cardiac Arrhymia |
| Term for an impairment of the hearts conduction system and has 3 types | Heart Block ; 1st, 2nd, 3rd degrees |
| Term used for when the chambers are contracting | Systole |
| Term used for when the chambers are relaxed | Diastole |
| Steps of cardiac cycle | 1. Atrial contraction and ventricle filling, 2. Isovolumetric contraction, 3. Ventricle ejection, 4. Isovolumetric relaxation, 5. Atrial relaxation and ventricle filling |
| Term for the measurement of blood pumped out of 1 ventricle in 1 minute and is expressed as L/min | Cardiac Output |
| Term for the amount of blood that enters the ventricle at the end of atria contraction | EDV; end of diastole volume, usually around 130mL, this is the amount of blood in a ventricle |
| Term for the amount of blood that exits the ventricle at the end of the ventricle contraction | SV; Stroke volume, this is the amount of blood that exits the ventricle. usually around 70mL |
| Term for the amount of blood that remains in the ventricle after ventricle ejection is | ESV; end of systole volume, amount is computed by subtracting SV from EDV; EDV-SV=ESV |
| The heart rate (HR) multiplied by the stroke volume (SV) will give what | The Cardiac Output |
| Term for plaque build up on endothelium causing lesions and narrowing of the artery | Atherosclerosis |
| 3 variables that effect SV | Venous return, Afterload, Inotropic Agents |
| 3 variables that effect HR | Autonomic Reflexes, Positive Chronotropic, Negative Chronotropic agents |
| 2 variables that effect CO; Cardiac Output | SV and HR |
| Term for max pressure in the artery during ventricular contraction | Systolic Pressure |
| Term for min pressure in the artery during ventricular relaxation | Diastolic Pressure |
| Term for the blood pressure cuff | Sphygmomanometer ( sfig moe- ma nah meter) |
| Name for the sound heard when listening to blood pressure though stethoscope | Korotkoff |
| What causes the pulse to be able to be felt | The expansion of the artery from ventricular systole |
| Places to feel for a pulse | Dorsalis Pedis, Femoral Artery, Popliteal Artery, Posterior Tibial Artery, Radial Artery |
| On the ECG the " Intervals" are indicated by | The area that has a flat region and at least one wave |
| On the ECG the " Segment" is indicated by | Only have a flat region |
| S1 indicates that what has happened | Atrioventricular valves have closed |
| S2 indicates that what has happened | Semilunar valves have closed |
| Why is the Atria repolarization not shown on ECG | The sound of the Atria repolarization is covered up by the sound of the Ventricular Depolarization |
| Define Atheroma | Plaque that builds up on endothelium causing Atherosclerosis |
| Perfusion is defined as | Flow of blood ; Delivery of blood per unit time, per gram of tissue |
| An increase in Venous return results in what | 1. Increase in EDV, 2. Increase Preload, 3. Increase in SV |
| Cardiomegaly is | Abnormal enlargement of the heart |
| Cardiac Hypertrophy is | Abnormal grow of the heart muscle fibers |
| Cardiomyocytes are | Cardiac muscles cells / fibers |
| Term for abnormal sound of blood flowing through the heart due to turbulence | Heart Murmur |
| Name for a tube or vessel that connects to other tubes to allow flow to continue in case of blockage | Anastomosis |
| When coronary vessels are opened during diastole, the vessels are said to be what | Patent = open |
| What area can only modify cardiac activity like the HR and Force | Cardiac Centers of the Medulla |
| Great cardiac vein is also called the | Anterior Interventricular Vein |
| Term used for the word 'open' | Patent |
| Term for the buildup of materials on the artery walls | Atheroma |
| Term for when artery walls thicken from atheroma and cause lumen to decrease in size | Atherosclerosis |
| Term used for the 'cause' of a disease | Etiology |
| Term for high cholesterol in the blood | Hypercholestolemia |
| Term used for blocked , as when a blood vessel is blocked | Occluded |
| When arterioles are in the slightly contracted stage they are said to have what | Vasomotor tone |
| Tern for the ballooning of a artery due to weaken vessel wall | Aneurysm |
| A vessel that is a modified vein with a thin wall and no smooth muscle is called what | Sinus , like the coronary sinus |
| Largest artery | Elastic artery, stretch for pulse |
| Middle sized artery | Muscular Artery, distributes blood to body regions |
| Smallest artery | Arterioles |
| Term for the section of vessel that connects two blood vessels to supply the same region | Anastomosis |
| Term for when an artery bypasses the capillary bed and drains directly into the vein | Arteriovenous anastomosis |
| Term for the process of forming new blood vessels | Angiogenesis, these vessels can also regress when not needed any longer |
| A short lived powerful vasodilator | Nitric oxide |
| Term for the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure | Pulse pressure |
| Pulse pressure is an indicator of what | Elasticity and Recoil of artery |
| MAP = | Mean Arterial Pressure |
| Term for a clot in a vessel from hypercoagulation | Thrombus |
| The Mean Arterial Pressure is a measure of what | How well the body tissues are being perfused= Good MAP is 70-110 |
| MAP calculation is what | Diastolic number added to a 1/3 of the Pulse pressure |
| Term for the difference in blood flow rates in the lumen at the wall compared to the center of the lumen | Laminar Flow |
| 3 factors that alter the resistance of blood flow | 1. Blood viscosity, 2.Vessel length, 3. Vessel radius |
| How is blood flow correlated to resistance ; inversely or directly | Inversely. resistance goes up and blood flow goes down |
| How is blood pressure gradient correlated to blood flow; inversely or directly | Directly; if one goes up the other will go up |
| How To calculate the Total blood pressure gradient | MAP minus the pressure at the inferior vena cava |
| 3 variables that regulate blood pressure | 1. cardiac output. 2. resistance 3. blood volume |
| Cardiac centers are made up of what 2 centers | Cardioacceleratory center and Cardioinhibitory center; regulate heart ativity |
| Center that controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation | Vasomotor center |
| Where are the 2 main Baroreceptors located | Aortal arch and Carotid sinus ; in the Tunica Externa |
| Baroreceptor in the Aorta arch sends it's signal by what cranial nerve | The Vagus nerve CN 10 |
| Baroreceptor in the Carotid Sinus sends it's signal by what cranial nerve | The Glossopharyngeal nerve CN 9 |
| 3 hormones that increase blood pressure are | Angiotensin 2 , Antidiuretic hormone, and Aldosterone |
| Hormone that decreases blood pressure is | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ANP |
| Word that means to split into 2 branches | Bifurcate |
| Blood leaves the right ventricle at what systolic pressure | 15-25 mmHg ; depending on rest or exercise |
| What is the blood pressure at the pulmonary capillaries | 10 mmHg |
| What is the blood pressure at the Pulmonary arteries as the blood drains into the left atrium | Close to 0 mmHg |
| Where does the Azygos vein drain into | Superior Vena Cava |
| Word used for Diaphragm | Phrenic |
| Word used in reference to the colon | Colic |
| The Hepatic Portal System has which veins | Hepatic portal vein, Inferior Mesenteric vein, Superior Mesenteric vein and Splenic vein |
| Which artery supplies the Lower limb with blood | External Iliac Artery |
| Which artery supplies the Pelvis and Perineum areas | Internal Iliac Artery |
| 3 Superficial veins of the Upper limb are | Basilic, Cephalic, Median Cubital |
| Superficial veins of the Leg | Great Saphenous and Small Saphenous |
| What are the 2 groups of Autonomic nuclei that regulate blood pressure | Vasomotor center and Cardiac center |
| Where are the Fenestrated Capillaries found ; organs | Kidneys and Small intestine |
| What transfers blood from a artery directly to a vein, bypassing the capillary bed | Arteriovenous Anastomosis |
| Chemicals that control local blood flow are collectively called what | Vasoactive chemicals |
| 3 tunics of the vessels | Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa |
| Tunica Intima consist of what | Endothelium and basement membrane |
| Chemicals that the endothelium releases to regulate the vessels smooth muscle relaxation and contraction | Nitric oxide and Endothelin |
| Another name for the Tunica Externa is | Tunica Adventitia |
| Muscular artery has what 2 layers of elastic | Internal Elastic Lamina and the External Elastic Lamina |
| Comparison of Tunica Media in the artery vs. the vein | Artery Tunica Media is thicker than the vein; has smaller lumen |
| Comparison of Tunica Externa in the artery vs. the vein | Artery Tunica Externa is thinner than the vein; has larger lumen |
| Layers of the Capillary | Just a Endothelium and basement membrane |
| 3 types of Capillaries are | Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid capillaries |
| Name of the vessel of the start of the capillary bed is | Metarteriole |
| Metarteriole turns into what | Thoroughfare Channel; drains into the Postcapillary Venule |
| Sphincters that control blood flow thru capillary bed | Precapillary Sphincter; sends blood thru capillary bed at 5-10 cycles per minute |
| Vein valves are made up of what | The Tunica Intima |
| What is the amount of blood per section in circulation | Pulmonary circ. 18%, Heart 12%, Systemic circ. 70% |
| What is the amount of blood per section in the Systemic circulation | Systemic Veins 55%,Systemic Arteries 10% and Capillaries 5% ; makes up the 70% of blood for the systemic sys. |
| 3 types of Capillary Exchange is | Diffusion, Vesicular transport and Bulk Flow |
| Capillary exchange by diffusion is how | High to Low / Concentration gradient |
| Capillary exchange by Vesicular Transport is how | Pinocytosis by endothelial cells |
| Capillary exchange by Bulk Flow is how | Pressures ; Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressure; HPb ,HPif, COPb, COPif |
| Calculation for NFP net filtration pressure is what | NFP= (HPb - HPif) - ( COPb - COPif) |
| Term for the contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle in blood vessels that keeps the blood volume the same | Myogenic Response |
| Term for the Intrinsic ability of a organ to regulate it's blood flow activity by vasodilation or vasoconstriction | Autoregulation of blood flow |
| Term for an increase of blood flow to a region that had blood flow disrupted | Reactive Hyperemia |
| Substances that would cause Vasodilation | ANP, Epinephrine, Histamine, Bradykinin. Nitric Oxide, Decrease in oxygen levels or increase in carbon dioxide, H+, K+ |
| Substances that would cause Vasoconstriction | Angiotensin 2, Aldosterone, ADH, Norepinephrine, Endothelin, Prostaglandins, Thromboxane, Increased oxygen levels or Decreased carbon dioxide, H+, K+ |
| Cardiac Output of healthy person at rest is | 5.25 L/min |
| How to calculate pulse pressure | Pulse Pressure is the difference in Systolic and Diastolic pressures so 120/80 would be 40 |
| How to calculate MAP Mean Arterial Pressure | Diastolic pressure added to 1/3 of the Pulse pressure; so if 120/80 would be 80 plus 1/3 of 40 (13.3) so 93mmHg |
| 2 types of pumps for the veins | Skeletal and Respiratory pumps |
| Which autonomic nervous system does the Vasomotor center use | Only the Sympathetic ; uses norepinephrine |
| Where is Angiotensinogen produced | Liver and continuously released into the blood |
| How is Angiotensinogen converted into Angiotensin 2 | Angiotensinogen in blood, Renin released to convert Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin 1, ACE Angiotensin Converting Enzyme converts Angiotensin 1 into Angiotensin 2 |
| Where is most of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ACE | Lungs ; so most of the conversions are done at the lungs |
| What actions does Angiotensin2 preform | Increase peripheral resistance, stimulates thirst center, decrease urine output, indirect release of Aldosterone and ADH |
| Where is Aldosterone released from | Cortex of the Adrenal glad ; by stimulation of Angiotensin 2 |
| Actions of Aldosterone | Increases absorption of Na+ in kidney to reabsorb water to increase blood volume |
| Where is ADH ; Antidiuretic Hormone released from | Posterior Pituitary Gland by stimulus by the Hypothalamus or stimulated by Angiotensin 2 |
| Why is ADH released | Hypothalamus detects increased blood concentration or low blood volume |
| Where is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide released from | The walls of the Atrium |
| Why is ANP released | Released in response to stretch in the Atrium wall |
| Action of ANP | Stimulates Vasodilation, Increases Urine output, Decreases Blood Pressure |
| Amount of blood flow increase to organs during exercise | Coronary arteries 3x's, Skeletal muscles 11x's, Skin 5x's |
| Organs that blood flow decreases to during exercise | Kidneys and Abdominal organs |
| The descending Abdominal Aorta bifurcates at what vertebra | L4 and then becomes left and right Common Iliac Arteries then Internal and External Iliac Arteries |
| What veins does the blood drain into from the thoracic and Abdominal walls | Brachiocephalic veins which merge into the Superior Vena Cava |
| 3 main arteries that supply the GI tract are | Celiac Trunk, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric arteries |
| 3 Branches of the Celiac Trunk are | Left Gastric a. , Splenic a., Common Hepatic a. |
| Location of the Great Saphenous Vein | Medial aspect of leg and thigh ; starts at Femoral and goes to dorsal region of foot |
| Location of the Small Saphenous Vein | Posterior aspect of the leg ; starts at Lateral Malleolus to the Popliteal |
| Actions of Baroreceptors | To detect stretch and lower blood pressure by decreasing HR, decrease sympathetic stimulation, decrease vasoconstriction, Dilating blood vessels |
Created by:
scones and joe
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