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Apologia Chem M15B
Chemical equilibrium
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Le Chatalier's principle | When a stress (such as a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature) is applied to an equilibrium, the reaction will shift in a way that relieves stress and restores equilibrium. |
Stress to an equilibrium comes through a change in | concentration, pressure, or temperature. |
Le Chatalier's principle ignores | solids and liquids as a source of stress to the equilibrium. |
Increasing the pressure of a gas will lower its volume, therefore __________________ its concentration. | increasing |
When an equilibrium is subjected to an INCREASE in pressure, | it will shift AWAY from the side with the LARGEST number of gas molecules. |
When an equilibrium is subjected to a DECREASE in pressure, | it will shift TOWARD the side with the LARGEST number of gas molecules. |
If there are NO gases in an equation or the SAME number of gas molecules on both sides, | nothing will happen when pressure is changed. |
When temperature is RAISED, an equilibrium will shift | AWAY from the side of the equation that contains energy. |
When temperature is LOWERED, an equilibrium will shift | TOWARD the side of the equation that contains energy. |
exothermic: | energy is a product in the reaction, so we add the energy that is produced to the products side of the equation |
acid ionization reaction | reaction in which an H+ ions separates from an acid molecule so that it can be donated in another reaction |
An acid whose ionization reaction goes nearly to completion is | a strong acid. |
When an acid's ionization reaction does not produce many H+ ions, is considered to be | a weak acid. |
acid ionization constant | the equilibrium constant for an acid's ionization reaction |
In general, the LARGER the ionization constant, | the stronger the acid. |
To determine the strength of a base, look at how well it | accepts an H+ ion from water. |
The larger the Kb, | the stronger the base. |
pH stands for | power of hydrogen |
The pH scaled describes | the concentration of H+ and OH- ions. |
acids | have a pH of -5 to 6 |
water | has a pH of 7 |
bases | have a pH of 8 to 14 |
Rain is | naturally acidic. |
The acids in many of our foods provide | a pleasant sour taste. |
When pollutants such as sulfur trioxide (from burning coal) or nitrogen dioxide (from cars burning gasoline) mix with water vapor in the air | they can react with rain to form dangerously acidic rain. |
Each 1 pH unit represents a | 10-fold change in acidity. |
Rain with an acidity of 3.2 is ________ times more acidic than normal rain, which has a pH of 5.3. | 100 |