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Question | Answer |
---|---|
Who became the first king of Germany in A.D. 919? | Henry the Fowler |
Who was the first Holy Roman Emperor? | Otto I, Henry the Fowler’s son, in 962 |
What was the Holy Roman Empire? | A medieval German state that also included areas to the south and west |
How long did the Holy Roman Empire last? | from 962-1806, though the Peace of Westphalia essentially broke most of it up in 1648 |
Who was the last Holy Roman Emperor? | Francis II |
What was the Reformation and what was its affect on the German lands? | It was an anti-Catholic movement, and it divided the German lands up into a Protestant north and a Catholic south. |
When did the Reformation take place? | 14th through 16th centuries, though mostly in the early 16th |
Who was the main German architect of the Reformation? | Martin Luther |
What did Martin Luther do in 1517? | Nailed the 95 theses to a church wall in Wittenberg, protesting the sale of indulgences |
What else did Martin Luther do for the German language? | He translated the Bible into German |
What was Martin Luther’s profession? | Monk and university professor |
What was the 30-years’ war? | War between the Protestants and Catholics |
When was the 30-years’ war? | 1618-48 |
Who supported the Protestants and the Catholics in the 30-years’ war? | Catholics-France; Protestants-Sweden |
What wars did the Peace of Westphalia end? | 30 years’ war in the Holy Roman Empire and 80 years’ war between Spain and the Netherlands |
What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed? | 1648 |
How many treaties are considered part of the Peace of Westphalia? | 2, one in Münster and one in Osnabrück |
What countries were given independence from the Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia? | Netherlands, Switzerland, Savoy, Milan, Genoa, Mantua, Tuscany, Lucca, Modena and Parma |
What early hominid species was discovered in Germany in the 1800s? | The Neanderthals |
Who was Charlemagne and when was he crowned? | Western Roman emperor (predecessor of Holy Roman Empire); Christmas Day, A.D. 800 |
What was the Hanseatic League? | an alliance of trading cities and their guilds that established and maintained a trade monopoly along the coast of Northern Europe, from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland, during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c.13th–17th centuries) |
Name some important cities in the Hanseatic League | Lübeck, Hamburg, Kiel, Rostock, Magdeburg, Bremen, Berlin, Hannover, Danzig (Gdansk), Krakow, Cologne (Köln), Dortmund, |
Who was Friedrich Barbarossa? | Holy Roman Emperor in 12th century. Great leader. Drowned in a river on the 3rd crusade |
What was the Wittelsbach dynasty? | They ruled Bavaria from 1180-1918 |