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Anatomy
Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | any increase in the force of contraction (Work) that cannot be attributed to the Frank–Starling mechanism of the heart. |
| Excitability | ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone. |
| Extensibility | ability of a muscle to be stretched |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil or bounce back to the muscle's original length after being stretched. |
| muscle fiber | A muscle cell, especially one of the cylindrical, multinucleate cells that make up skeletal muscles and are composed of numerous myofibrils that contract when stimulated |
| sarcomere | any of the repeating, contractile, structural subunits of striated muscle cells (as of skeletal or cardiac muscle) that are composed of the protein filaments actin and myosin. |
| fasciculi | a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue. |
| neuromuscular junction | a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle (skeletal/ smooth/ cardiac) |
| what happens at the neuromuscular junction? | the site for the transmission of action potential from nerve to the muscle. |
| sliding filament mechanism | process used by muscles to contract. It is a cycle of repetitive events that causes actin and myosin myofilaments to slide over each other, contracting the sarcomere and generating tension in the muscle. |
| tetany | When the frequency of muscle contraction is such that the maximal force is tension is generated without any relaxation of the muscle |
| twitch | The period of contraction and relaxation of a muscle after a single stimulation. |
| isotonic contraction | produces limb movement without a change in muscle tension |
| isometric muscle contraction | produces muscle tension without a change in limb movement. |
| muscle tone | continuous and passive-partial contraction of the muscle or the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during the resting state. |
| Slow-twitch muscle fibers | all about endurance or long-lasting energy |
| fast-twitch muscle fibers | sudden bursts of energy but get tired quickly |
| Skeletal muscle | moves bones and other structures |
| Cardiac muscle | contracts the heart to pump blood |
| smooth muscle | forms organs like the stomach and bladder changes shape to facilitate bodily functions |
| origin | the attachment site that doesn't move during contraction |
| insertion | the attachment of a muscle on the more moveable bone |
| synergist | act on movable joints. They are muscles that facilitate the fixation action. |
| antagonist | A substance that acts against and blocks an action |
| prime mover | the muscle that provides the primary force driving the action |
| muscles of facial expression | located in the subcutaneous tissue, originating from bone or fascia, and inserting onto the skin. By contracting, the muscles pull on the skin and exert their effects. They are the only group of muscles that insert into skin. |
| mastication | To chew |
| what muscles are involved in mastication | group of muscles that consist of the temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles |
| intrinsic muscles | lie entirely within the tongue - alter the shape of the tongue for talking and swallowing |
| extrinsic muscles | attach the tongue to other structures. The extrinsic muscles reposition the tongue |
| Contraction | A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. |
| Muscle fibers | consist of a single muscle cell. They help to control the physical forces within the body. When grouped together, they can facilitate organized movement of your limbs and tissues. |
| Skeletal muscle | a muscle which is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system which moves the limbs and other parts of the body. |
| Endomysium | a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that sheaths each individual muscle fiber. |
| Perimysium | the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers. |
| Epimysium | dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle tissue |
| Fascicle | a bundle of structures, such as nerve or muscle fibers |
| Smooth muscle | muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification. It consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus. Smooth muscle tissue, unlike striated muscle, contracts slowly and automatically. |
| Cardiac muscle | A type of muscle tissue that is found only in the heart |
| Sarcolemma | a specialized membrane which surrounds striated muscle fiber cells. |
| Myosin | a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells. |
| Actin | a protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cell. |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | a complex network of specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is important in transmitting the electrical impulse as well as in the storage of calcium ions |
| Motor unit | the term applied to a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it stimulates |
| Axon | the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells |
| Acetylcholine | the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, the part of the autonomic nervous system (a branch of the peripheral nervous system) that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate. |
| Muscle fatigue | a decrease in maximal force or power production in response to contractile activity |
| Fixators | a muscle that stabilizes or fixes a part of the body to which a muscle in the process of moving another part is attached |
| Graded Responses | Different degrees of shortening |
| Tetanus | When a muscle is rapidly used that no relaxation is observable from the muscle |
| Creatine Phosphate | Unique high-energy molecule |
| Aerobic Respiration | Glucose is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water |
| Lactic Acid | Acid produced in the muscle tissues during intense exercise |
| Anaerobic Glycolysis | When the pyruvic acid generated during glycolysis is converted to lactic acid |
| Frontalis | Raises eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | Closes eyes and winks |
| Orbicularis oris | Closes mouth and puckers lips |
| Buccinator | Flattens cheeks |
| Zygomaticus | To Smile |
| Masseter | Chewing |
| Temporalis | Chewing (Synergistic with Masseter) |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Rotates head |
| Nasalis | Flares nostrils |
| Platysma | Pulls on corner of mouth |
| abduction | moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body |
| circumduction | combo of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly seen in ball-and-socket joints |
| cross bridges | myosin "heads" that attach to thin filaments during muscle contraction |
| flexion | movement that decreases the angle of a joint and brings two bones closer together |
| opposition | action by which you move your thumb to tough the fingertips |
| oxygen deficit | when oxygen is not taken in fast enough to supply the muscles with the oxygen they need |
| pronation | forearm rotates medially ao that the palm faces posteriorly |
| rotation | movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis; ex- shaking your head no |
| supination | forearm rotated laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly |
| synaptic cleft | space between a neuron and a neighboring neuron or muscle cell |
| tendon | connective tissue that holds muscle to bone |
| voluntary muscle | muscle that is subject to conscious control |
Created by:
kperry0830
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