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B3 - BIOLOGY
ORGANISATION AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is a cell? | The basic building block of a living organism. |
What is a tissue? | A group of cells with a similar structure and function working together. For example, muscular tissue contracts to bring about movement. |
What is an organ? | A collection of tissues working together to perform a specific function. For example, the stomach contains glandular, muscular and epithelial tissues. |
What is an organ system? | A group of organs working together to perform specific functions. For example, the digestive system contains organs such as the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine. |
What is the main function of the digestive system? | To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion. |
What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary gland in the digestive system? | The pancreas and the salivary gland are glands which produce digestive juices containing enzymes. |
What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system? | Produces hydrochloric acid - which kills any bacteria present and provides the optimum acidic pH for the protease enzyme to function. |
What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system? | The small intestine is the site where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream. |
What is the role of the liver in the digestive system? | Produces bile (stored in the gallbladder) which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently. |
What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system? | Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces. |
What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system? | Enzymes act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of biological reactions (the breakdown of food) without being used up. |
How does the shape of an enzyme affect its function? | Enzymes have a specific active site which is complementary to their substrate. |
What is metabolism? | The sum of all the reactions in an organism. |
What types of metabolic reactions do enzymes catalyse? | Building larger molecules from smaller molecules eg. glucose to starch. Changing one molecule to another eg. glucose to fructose. Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules eg. carbohydrates to glucose. |
What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function? | The shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary, so can bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex. |
How does temperature affect enzyme action? | Increasing temperature = increases enzyme action because higher kinetic energy. Above certain temperature = alters active site shape and enzyme is denatured so cannot catalyse action. Optimum temperature is 37 degrees. |
How does pH affect enzyme action? | The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7 (apart from proteases in the stomach). If the pH is too extreme, the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work. |
Where are carbohydrases, proteases and lipases produced in the body? | Carbohydrases: amylase - salivary gland and pancreas; maltase - small intestine. Proteases: pepsin - stomach; others - pancreas and small intestine. Lipases: pancreas and small intestine. |
What is the role of carbohydrases in the digestive system? | Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose, and maltase breaks down maltose into glucose. |
What is the role of proteases in the digestive system? | Proteases break down proteins into amino acids. |
What is the role of lipases in the digestive system? | Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. |
How are the products of digestion used? | They are used to build bigger molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins. Glucose is used as a substrate in respiration. |
Where is bile made and stored in the body? | Bile is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder |
What is the role of bile in the digestive system? | Bile is an alkaline substance which neutralises the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach. Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets - this increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on. |