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Kate Maravillas
PHYSIOLOGY WEEK 1-5
| Negative-feedback control systems: | OPPOSE A CHANGE |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | TAPEWORMS |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | THE COURSE OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT |
| Homeostasis can be described as: | STATE OF RELATIVE CONSTANCY |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | A. EFFECTOR MECHANISM B. TRANSMITTER C. SENSOR D. INTEGRATING CENTER B. TRANSMITTER |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | A. ENVIRONMENT B. STRESS C. LIFESTYLE D. ALL OF THE ABOVE D. ALL OF THE ABOVE |
| Intrinsic control: | IS SOMETIMES CALLED AUTOREGULATION. |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | A. VIRUS B. BACTERIA C. PRION D. PROTOZOAN |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | THE BODY TRYING TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND A NEGATIVE - FEEDBACK MECHANISM |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | AUTOIMMUNITY |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | OXYTOCIN WOULD INHIBIT UTERINE CONTRACTIONS |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | VIRUSES |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | HYPOTHALAMUS |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | MINIMIZE CHANGES IN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS, MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR AN INCREASED RATE OF SWEATING WHEN AIR TEMPERATURE IS HIGHER THAN BODY TEMPERATURE. |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | A. CIRCULATORY B. ENDOCRINE C. LYMPHATIC D. REPRODUCTIVE D. REPRODUCTIVE |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | SET POINT |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | POSITIVE |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | ACCELERATE A CHANGE |
| Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop? | SENSOR MECHANISM, INTEGRATING CENTER, EFFECTOR AND FEEDBACK. |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called | FEED-FORWARD |
| Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL MECHANISMS |
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cyles are called | CIRCADIAN CYCLES. |
| Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are | SLOWED OR MAINTAINED IN THE HOMEOSTATIC RANGE |
| Local control or _____, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. | AUTOREGULATION |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | POSITIVE FEEDBACK |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | NEUTRAL FEEDBACK SYSTEMS |
| Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation? | NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a(n) | FEEDBACK CONTROL LOOP |
| Many complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. These include | INTRACELLULAR, INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC |
| Effectors can be described as | ORGANS THAT DIRECTLY INFLUENCE CONTROLLED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES |
| Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function? | INTRACELLULAR REGULATION |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | AFFERENT |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | THE BODY TRYING TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND A NEGATIVE HOMEOSTASIS AND A NEGATIVE-FEED MECHANISM |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | GLYCOGEN |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | CREATINE PHOSPHATE |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | STEROIDS |
| A _____ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons. | FREE RADICALS |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | THEY BOTH CONTAIN A HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC END. |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | NITROGEN |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | SECONDARY |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | DEGREE OF SATURATION |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | MALTOSE |
| RNA or Ribonucleic Acid | IT CONTAINS RIBOSE SUGAR AND ADENINE AND IT IS COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES CALLED NUCLEOTIDES. |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | BOTH HAVE A RING STRUCTURE IN THEIR MOLECULES |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | PEPTIDE BONDS |
| What is Carbohydrates? | IT IS COMMONLY CALLED SUGARS. THEY ARE THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY. THEY ARE PART OF BOTH DNA AND RNA |
| DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid | IS A DOUBLE-HELIX STRAND OF NECLEOTIDES |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | PRIMARY |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS |
| Unsaturated fats: | WILL KINK OR BEND BECAUSE OF THE DOUBLE BONDS BETWEEN THE CARBON ATOMS |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL OR LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS |
| What are the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | PROTEINS, LIPIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of _____, with _____ being the dominant component. | CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEIN; PROTEIN |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3+ |
| Which lipid acts as a “tissue hormone”? | PROSTALGLANDIN |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | HAPLOID |
| What are the examples of passive transport? | FILTRATION, OSMOSIS AND DIALYSIS |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | AN EVEN EXCHANGE OF MATERIAL ACROSS THE MEMBRANE |
| Which cells form the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood? | ASTROCYTES |
| The type of tissue that contains cells called neurons is called: | NERVOUS |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? | EPITHELIAL |
| The area referred to as true skin is the: | DERMIS |
| What are the function of epithelial tissue? | ABSORPTION, SECRETION AND PROTECTION |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | MICROGLIA |
| Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? | FIBROBLASTS |
| The hypodermis: | CONNECTS THE DERMIS TO UNDERLYING TISSUES |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | MESENCHYME |
| Which of the following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium? | SECRETION |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | SCHWANN CELLS AND ASTROCYTES |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | BROWN FAT |
| A tissue is: | A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS THAT PERFORM A COMMON FUNCTION |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | BONES |
| In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? | SOLE OF THE FOOT |
| What are the proteoglycan found in the matrix of connective tissue? | GLUCOSAMINE, COLLAGEN, AND HYALURONIC ACID |
| What are the characteristics of smooth muscles? | USUALLY NOT BEING UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL, COMPOSING THE WALLS OF VISCERA AND HAVING ONE NUCLEUS PER CELL |
| What are the vitamins that are absorbed through the skin? | VITAMINS A, D, AND K |
| Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways. | TRUE |
| What structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina? | BASEMENT MEMBRANE |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | BASALE |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. | CONNECTIVE AND EPITHELIAL TISSUES |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone: | DECREASES SLOWLY BECAUSE OF A SHIFT IN THE REMODELING ACTIVITY. |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | FONTANELS |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? | CALCIUM |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | KYPHOSIS |
| What are the functios of the bone? | SUPPORT, PROTECTION, MINERAL STORAGE AND HEMATOPOIESIS. |
| The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of the freely movable joint of the: | THUMB |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: | AMOUNT OF CALCIUM IN BONE INCREASES AND THE LEVEL OF CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD DECREASES. |
| During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: | PELVIC OUTLET |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer. | THIRD |
| Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the _____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | EPIPHYSEAL PLATE |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | ADDITIONAL MATRIX |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: | IN THE DIAPHYSIS |
| Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones? | HORMONAL PRODUCTION |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | OSTEOCLASTS |
| An open fracture is also known as a compound fracture. | TRUE |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | OSTEOBLASTS |
| An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is | OSTEOPOROSIS |
| Before childbirth, the symphysis pubis softens. | TRUE |
| What are the characteristic of the epiphyses? | MADE OF SPONGY BONE AND CONTAIN RED BONE MARROW |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the: | HUMERUS |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the: | ADDITION OF AN OUTSIDE LAYER OF OSSEOUS TISSUE ON FLAT BONES |
| A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the: | KNEE |
| If the cribriform plate is damaged, there is a chance of: | INFECTIOUS MATERIALS PASSING FROM THE NOSE TO THE BRAIN |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35 AND 40 YEARS OLD |
| What are the some of the causes of skeletal variations? | INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D, MECHANICAL STRESS AND AGE. |
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kmaravillas
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