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CC5,6,7H SC5,6,7H

Pearson GCSE Combined and Separate Chemistry Higher

QuestionAnswer
Why do atoms gain or lose electrons? To get a full outer shell.
What do group 2 atoms do when they form ions? Lose 2 electrons.
What do group 7 atoms do when they from ions? Gain 1 electron.
What name is given to a) a positive ion? b) a negative ion? a)cation b)anion.
What charges to ions from groups 1, 2 and 3 have? +1, +2, +3.
What charges to ions from groups 5,6 and 7 have? -3, -2, -1.
What is the formula of a nitrate ion? NO3-.
What is the formula of calcium chloride? (Calcium ion = Ca2+, Chloride ion = Cl-) CaCl2.
What is the formula of magnesium hydroxide? (Magnesium ion = Mg2+, Hydroxide ion = OH-) Mg(OH)2.
What is an ionic bond? An electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
What is an ionic lattice? A 3D structure of alternating anions and cations in a regular arrangement held together by ionic bonds.
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points? Because melting needs a lot of energy to break strong ionic bonds.
When do ionic compounds not conduct electricity? When they are in the solid state.
Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when they are molten or dissolved in water? Because the ions are able to move to carry a charge.
Why do atoms transfer electrons in ionic bonding? So that they can have full outer shells.
Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when lithium bonds with fluorine One electron transferred from lithium to fluorine.
Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when magnesium bonds with oxygen Two electrons transferred from magnesium to oxygen.
Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when beryllium bonds with oxygen (3 marks) Two electrons transferred from beryllium to oxygen.
Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when magnesium bonds with chlorine One electron transferred from magnesium to two different chlorine atoms.
Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when sodium bonds with oxygen Two electrons transferred to an oxygen atom from two different sodium atoms.
Why do sodium ions and chlorine ions form an ionic bond? There is an electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Why don't sulphur ions and oxygen ions form ionic bonds with each other? Both have negative charges so would repel.
What is the name for a substance made of billions of oppositely charged ions joined together? Giant ionic lattice.
Define giant ionic lattice A huge 3D network of ions.
State the melting points of ionic substances High.
Explain why ionic substances have high melting points Strong bonds between oppositely charged ions are hard to break.
Will NaCl(s) conduct electricity? No.
Will NaCl (aq) conduct electricity? Yes (aq stands for aqueous which means it is dissolved in water).
Will NaCl (l) conduct electricity? Yes.
What does molten mean? Melted.
Explain why ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid Because the ions are not free to move.
Explain why ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution Because the ions are free to move.
Explain why ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten Because the ions are free to move.
In ionic bonds, electrons are ___________________ Transferred.
Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when lithium bonds with chlorine One electron transferred from lithium to chlorine.
What charge will an ion of lithium take? 1+ (one electron in the outer shell, needs to lose it).
What charge will an ion of beryllium take? 2+ (two electrons in the outer shell, needs to lose them both).
What charge will an ion of barium take? 2+ (group 2 so two electrons in the outer shell, needs to lose them both).
What charge will an ion of fluorine take? 1- (7 electrons in the outer shell, needs to gain one).
If something has gained electrons, what charge will it have? Negative.
If something has lost electrons, what charge will it have? Positive (because they have lost a negative!).
What charge will an ion of oxygen take? 2- (6 electrons in outer shell so needs to gain two).
What is an ion? an atom which has lost or gained an electron.
How many electrons, protons and neutrons in a sodium ion Na+ ? 11 protons, 12 neutrons, 10 electrons.
If a compound name ends in -ide what does this show? It is a molecule made of 2 elements only.
How many electrons, protons and neutrons in an oxygen ion O2- ? 8 protons, 8 neutrons, 10 electrons.
How many electrons, protons and neutrons in a chloride ion Cl- ? 17 protons, 18 neutrons, 18 electrons.
How many electrons, protons and neutrons in a magnesium ion Mg2+ ? 12 protons, 12 neutrons, 10 electrons.
What elements are in potassium hydroxide? potassium, oxygen and hydrogen.
What elements are in sulfuric acid? hydrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
What elements are in iron carbonate iron, carbon and oxygen.
What types of atoms do covalent bonds form between? Non-metal and non-metal atoms.
What is a covalent bond? A shared pair of electrons.
What is a double bond? A bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons.
How many covalent bonds do atoms from group 4 form? 4.
How many covalent bonds do atoms from group 5 form? 3.
How many covalent bonds do atoms from group 6 form? 2.
How many covalent bonds do atoms from group 7 form? 1.
Draw the dot and cross diagram of a hydrogen molecule
Draw the dot and cross diagram of a hydrogen chloride molecule .
Draw the dot and cross diagram of a water molecule .
Draw the dot and cross diagram of a methane molecule .
Draw the dot and cross diagram of an oxygen molecule .
Draw the dot and cross diagram of a carbon dioxide molecule .
What is the typical size of atoms and small molecules? 10-10 meters.
Explain why chlorine and fluorine form covalent bonds They are both non-metals.
Complete the sentence: In covalent bonds, electrons are _______________________ Shared.
Explain why chlorine and fluorine form covalent bonds They are both non-metals.
Complete the sentence: In covalent bonds, electrons are _______________________ Shared.
What is a molecule? A particle made from two or more atoms bonded together by covalent bonds.
What is the name of the structure of a substance if it is made up of small molecules? Simple Molecular.
Describe the structure and bonding of molecular substances? Atoms in a molecule are held together by strong covalent bonds Neighbouring molecules are held close by weak intermolecular forces.
Why are the melting point of simple molecular substances low? Melting them only needs a little energy to break weak intermolecular forces.
Why don’t simple molecular substances conduct electricity? Their structure does not contain any charged particles that are free to move.
Name three examples of simple molecular substances Any three from Hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, water, carbon dioxide, methane.
Describe the structure of a substance which is giant molecular An infinite structure made up of a repeating pattern of atoms covalently bonded together.
Why are the melting point of giant molecular substances high? It requires the breaking of many strong covalent bonds.
Why don’t giant molecular substances conduct electricity? Do not conduct (except graphite) because there are no electrons free to move.
What is a polymer? A large molecule made of a small unit repeated many times.
What is a monomer? A small molecule that can be joined together many times to form a polymer.
What is an allotrope of an element? A different structural form of an element made of the same atoms just bonded together differently.
Name the four allotropes of carbon Graphite, diamond, graphene and fullerenes.
Why is graphite a good lubricant? The layers of carbon atoms can slide over each other.
Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity? There are delocalised electrons between the layers of carbon atoms.
Why is diamond so hard? Every carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms in a repeating pattern.
Why can’t diamond conduct electricity? There are no delocalised electrons in diamond.
Describe the structure of graphene A single layer of carbon atoms in a honeycomb pattern.
Describe the structure of Buckminster fullerene A ball shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms.
Describe the structure of metals A lattice of positive metals ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalised electrons.
Why can metals all conduct electricity? The delocalised electrons are free to move.
What does malleable mean? When a substance dents when it is hit instead of shattering.
Why are metals malleable The layers of metal ions can easily slide over each other when hit.
Why do metals have high melting points Melting metals requires breaking the strong force of attraction between the lattice of metal ions and the cloud of delocalised electrons.
List the properties of ionic compounds High melting point, often soluble in water, solid does not conduct electricity, liquid/solution does.
List the properties of simple molecular substances Low melting point, does not conduct electricity, sometimes soluble in water.
List the properties of giant molecular substances High melting point, does not conduct electricity (except graphite), insoluble in water.
List the properties of metals High melting point, does conduct electricity, insoluble in water.
List three problems of bonding models Dot and cross diagrams make electrons seem different, they are not.
What is the name given to the structure of diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide? Giant covalent.
How many bonds does each carbon have in diamond? 4.
Explain why diamond has a high melting point Giant structure, Strong covalent bonds between the atoms, requires a lot of energy to break.
Explain why most giant covalent substances do not conduct electricity (3 marks) There are no electrons/ions/charged particles that are free to move.
Explain why graphite conducts electricity Has delocalised electrons between the layers that can move through the graphite.
Explain why graphite can act as a lubricant Weak forces between layers which are free to slide over each other.
What is graphene? One layer of graphite.
What is a fullerene? Substance made of carbon atoms arranged in a cage.
What type of substance are methane and water? Simple molecular (or simple molecules).
What is a molecule? A group of atoms chemically bonded together.
Describe the structure of simple covalent molecules Strong covalent bonds between atoms, weak forces holding the molecules together.
What are intermolecular forces? Weak forces between molecules which hold them together.
Explain why methane has a low melting point It is a simple molecular substance with weak forces between the molecules (which are easy to break).
What is a polymer? Millions of small molecules joined together in a chain to form a large molecule.
Describe the main features of metals in terms of their structure Positive metal ions arranged in layers with delocalised electrons.
Explain why metals can conduct electricity Delocalised electrons are free to carry charge.
Explain why pure metals are soft Layers of metal ions are free to slide over each other.
What are the limitations of dot and cross diagrams It does not show the shape of the molecule or the size of the atoms.
If a compound name ends in -ate what does this show? It is a molecule made of the other elements in the name and oxygen.
What are the limitations of a ball and stick model It does not show the electrons involved in the bonds It does not show the 3d shape.
What elements are in sodium sulfate? Sodium, sulfur and oxygen.
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