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Apologia Chem M 3C

Atomic structure, part 3

QuestionAnswer
a quantum assumption the assumption that a physical quantity (such as energy) is restricted to discrete values
When an electron moves from an orbit CLOSE to the nucleus to an orbit FAR from the nucleus, we say that the electron has been excited.
When an electron moves from an orbit FAR from the nucleus to an orbit CLOSE to the nucleus, we say that it has de-excited.
quantum mechanical model the modern-day model of the atom in which electrons are found outside the nucleus in orbitals
The quantum mechanical model mainly differs from the Bohr model in the type of orbits that the electrons can occupy.
We assume that electrons do not orbit in fixed circles but instead orbit in clouds we call orbitals.
Electrons can, at different times, be at different distances from the nucleus, but still be in the same orbital.
The orbital has a general shape and the electron can be anywhere within that shape.
There are several differently shaped orbitals that electrons can use to orbit around the nucleus.
The simplest type of orbital an electron can occupy is called the s orbital.
An s orbital is spherical with the nucleus at the center.
An electron that occupies an s orbital can be anywhere inside the sphere but cannot venture outside of the sphere.
If an electron orbits far away from the nucleus in a spherical pattern, it will occupy a large s orbital.
The farther away from the nucleus the electron is, the more energy it must have.
The number that appears next to the orbital letter is often called the energy level of the atom.
The p orbital is dumb-bell shaped.
There are _____ p orbitals on the first energy level of the atom. no (0)
The first p orbital is the 2p orbital.
For every energy level, there are 3 different p orbitals, which are all shaped the same, but oriented differently in space.
The third type of orbital is the d orbital.
There are ____ d orbitals for each energy level. 5 different
The lowest energy level d orbital is located on the _________ energy level. third
Within the same energy level, the different shaped orbitals require different amounts of energy.
Each individual orbital can hold only _____ electrons. 2
If an electron is orbiting as close as it can to the nucleus, we say that it is in the first energy level.,
On the first energy level, only 1 type of orbital exists: the S orbital.
All forms of matter try to stay in their lowest possible energy state.
Matter is basically lazy.
ground state: the lowest possible energy state for a given substance
The ground state is different for every substance on earth.
All of the chemical behavior of an atom is governed solely by the number of electrons the atom has.
electron configuration: a notation that lists the number of electrons that occupy each orbital in an atom
The periodic table gets its weird shape because of electron configurations.
If we had enough electrons to fill up the 3s and 3p orbitals, we would start filling the 4s orbital BEFORE filling the 3d orbital.
We call the first two columns of the periodic table the s block because the last electrons in the atoms of that block end up in an s orbital.
The s orbital block is only 2 columns wide because the s orbital can have only 2 electrons in it.
Since there are 5 d orbitals and each can have 2 electrons, there are 10 elements in each row that have their last electrons in d orbitals.
The last orbital block of the periodic table is the p orbital block.
The rows of the periodic table represent the energy level that those electrons are in.
In the d orbital block, the row that the elements are on is one number higher than the energy level that the electrons are in, so you need to subtract 1 from the row number to get the correct energy level when filling up d orbitals.
When we write an abbreviated electron configuration, we look for the nearest atom in column 8A that has a LOWER atomic number than the atom you are interested in. Then,you simply add any extra electrons on top of that atom's configuration.
Created by: MrsHough
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