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Chapter 1 Pharm
Pharmacolgy
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Drug | Biologic active substance/ Modifies cellular function |
Placebo | Contains no active ingredient/ can modify effects through suggestion |
Chemical Name | Refers to chemical structure/ Chlorophenyl |
Generic name | Nonproprietary name/ cetirizine |
Trade or Brand name | Proprietary name/ Zyrtec |
Therapeutic effect | Intended effect of drug |
Tolerance | Phenomenon necessitating increase of dosage |
Tachyphylaxis | Rapid development of tolerance |
Allergy | Adverse immune reaction/ Triggered by drug, food, or chemical |
Adverse reaction or side effects | Drug effects other than those intended/ May be harmful or nuisance |
Idiosyncratic reaction | Unpredictable susceptibility to drug's action |
Teratogens | Substances known to cause birth defects |
Carcinogens | Substances that cause malignant neoplasms |
Drug dependance | Continual use causes drug tolerance/ Withholding drug causes withdrawal symptoms/ altered physiologic state- psychological need |
Drug development | Takes many years/ Must be approved by FDA/ Very expensive process/ Involves multiple stages |
In Vitro and Animal Studies | Molecule or compound identified/ Studied to determine mechanism/ Tested in animals to: determine effectiveness, gather safety information, determine absorption/breakdown/elimination |
Phase 1 studies | Small human population-20 to 100 healthy volunteers/ Performed to determine safety and tolerability in humans/ study how drugs work/ learn how body responds to drug |
Phase 2 studies | Conducted in several hundred people with disease drug is intended to treat/ Purpose is to assess: whether drug effectively treats condition/ safety and toxicity. Majority of drugs fail testing |
Phase 3 studies | Conducted in a large number of humans (300-3000) with the disease. Confirms effectiveness and safety. Tests against placebo. Can take many years |
Phase 4 studies | Post-marketing surveillance after approval. Determines whether drug remains safe and effective over time. Performed to: detect rare or long-term adverse reactions/ Determine if drug can treat other conditions |
Abuse of prescription drugs | Most often abused drugs are controlled by prescription. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act established drug schedules/ Practitioners must be registered with DEA to prescribe controlled substances |
Abuse of prescription drugs | Drugs categorized by schedule based on: drug abuse potential/ Pattern of abuse/ Risk to public health/ Drug's potential for dependence/ Whether drug is precursor of controlled substance |
Sources of drug information | AHFS Drug information: published annually, contains evidence-based drug information/ Facts and Comparisons: contains information on prescription and nonprescription medication, organized by drug class, provides comparisons of drugs in same class |
Sources of drug information | United states pharmacopeia(USP): published every 5 years, includes single-entity drugs, sets official- physical- and chemical standards. National Formulary: published every 5 years, established formulations not in USP |
Sources of drug information | Physicians` Desk reference (PDR): published annually, provides brief description of prescription drugs, indexed by manufacture- product name- generic name- product category- and product information, contains prescription package inserts. |
Sources of drug information | Micromedex: provides easy online access to drug information, clinical trials, latest news regarding drug developments, drug interactions, color reference for pill identification. Drug information Handbook: published annually, organized alphabetically |
Sources of drug information | continued: DIH/ includes approved and off-label uses, dosing, safety, and monitoring of each drug, online version included pill identification and pricing information |