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Ch 1-4 Mental Health
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oral developmental stage (Freud) | -mouth/tongue to deal with anxiety -birth-18 months -unsuccessful completion: smoking, alcoholism, obesity, nail biting, drug addiction, difficulty trusting |
| Anal developmental stage (Freud) | -muscle control in bladder & rectum, anus provides sensual pleasure/parent pleasing -18 months - 3 years -unsuccessful completion: constipation, perfectionism, OCD |
| Phallic developmental stage (Freud) | -sexual identity/awareness genital area is source of pleasure, electra complex, oedipus complex -3-6 years -unsuccessful completion: homosexuality, transsexuality, sexual identity problems, difficulty accepting authority |
| Latency developmental stage (Freud) | -quiet stage in sexual development, learns to socialize -6-12 years -unsuccessful completion: inability to conceptualize, lack of motivation in school or job |
| Genital developmental stage (Freud) | -sexual maturity and satisfactory relationships with opposite sex -12 years - adulthood -unsuccessful completion: frigidity, impotence, premature ejaculation, serial marriages, unsatisfactory relationships |
| Sensory stage (Erikson) | trust vs. mistrust - nurturing people build trust in newborn -birth-18 months -unsuccessful completion: suspiciousness, trouble with personal relationships |
| Muscular stage (Erikson) | autonomy vs. shame & doubt - toddler learns environment can be manipulated -1-3 years -unsuccessful completion: low self-esteem, dependency (substances or people) |
| Locomotor stage (Erikson) | Initiative vs. guilt -learns assertiveness can manipulate environment, disapproval leads to guilt in toddler -3-6 years -unsuccessful completion: passive personality, strong feelings of guilt |
| Latency stage (Erikson) | industry vs. inferiority - creativity or shyness develops -6-12 years -unsuccessful completion: unmotivated, unreliable |
| Adolescence stage (Erikson) | identity vs. role confusion - integrates life experiences or becomes confused -12-20 years -unsuccessful completion: rebellion, substance abuse, difficulty keeping personal relationships, may regress to child-play behaviors |
| Young adult stage (Erikson) | intimacy vs. isolation - concern is developing intimate relationship with another. -18-25 years -unsuccessful completion: emotional immaturity, may deny need for personal relationships |
| Adulthood stage (Erikson) | generativity vs. stagnation - focus on establishing family/guiding next generation -21-45 years -unsuccessful completion: inability to show concern for anyone but self |
| Maturity stage (Erikson) | integrity vs. despair - accepts own life as fulfilling, if not, become fearful of death -45 years-death -unsuccessful completion: difficulty dealing with aging and death, may have feelings of hopelessness |
| Sensorimotor stage (Piaget) | -uses senses to learn about self -schemata develop, ways to assimilate/accommodate like looking, hearing, sucking -birth - 2 years |
| Preoperational stage (Piaget) | -2-7/8 years -2-4 years: thinks in mental images, symbolic play, develops own languages -4-7/8 years: egocentrism - only sees own point of view but can't do this until 7 or 8 |
| Concrete operational stage (Piaget) | -ability for logical thought increases, moral judgment develops, numbers/spatial ability become more logical -8-12 years |
| Formal operations stage (Piaget) | -develops adult logic, reasoning, can form conclusions, plan for future, think in concepts or abstract -12 years - adult |
| Maslow's Hierarchy Physiological needs | basic fundamental needs: food, water, air, sleep, exercise, elimination, shelter, and sexual expression |
| Maslow's Hierarchy Safety and Security | needs at this level are for avoiding harm, maintaining comfort, order, structure, physical safety, freedom from fear, and protection |
| Maslow's Hierarchy Love and Belonging | needs are for giving and receiving of affection, companionship, satisfactory interpersonal relationships, and identification with a group |
| Maslow's Hierarchy Self-esteem, Esteem of others | individual seeks self-respect and respect from others, works to achieve success and recognition in work, and desires prestige from accomplishments |
| Maslow's Hierarchy Self-Actualization | individual possesses a feeling of self-fulfillment and the realization of his or her highest performance |
| Asylum | psychiatric hospitals to care for the mentally ill |
| Deinstitutionalization | movement in which people requiring long hospital stays are able to leave and return to their communities |
| Free-standing treatment centers | provides care ranging from crisis-only to traditional 21-day stays |
| Nurse Practice Act | state laws outlining nursing responsibilities and scope of practice |
| Psychotropic | type of medication that induces a calm and tranquilizing effect |
| Standards of Care | outlines competent levels of care in nursing practice and processes |
| Denial (stage of grief) | -"not me" -refuses to believe death is coming, states doctor doesn't know what they're talking about |
| Anger (stage of grief) | -"why me?" -expresses envy, resentment, frustration with younger people/those who are not dying |
| Bargaining (stage of grief) | -"If I could have one more chance..." -may become very religious or "good" in an attempt to gain another chance at life or more time to live |
| Grief/Depression (stage of grief) | -realizes that "bargaining" is not working and that death is approaching -becomes depressed, weepy, may "give up", quit taking medications, quit eating |
| Acceptance (stage of grief) | -"ok...but I don't have to like it" -state of expectation, may begin to call family members near, needs to complete "unfinished business, prepares spiritually to die |
| Anima | feminine characteristics in men |
| Animus | male characteristics in women |
| Proxemics | how different cultures relate to space |
| Chronemics | how different cultures relate to time |
| Aggressive communication | not self-responsible, form of communication that hurts another |
| Aphasia | inability to communicate through speech caused by brain dysfunction |
| Assertive communication | self-responsible, statements begin with "I" and deal with thoughts, feelings, and honesty |
| Communication | method of transmitting messages between a sender and a receiver. Verbal or nonverbal |
| Communication block | method of communication that impedes helpful interactions with patients |
| Dysphasia | difficulty in speaking |
| Hearing-impaired | a loss of hearing function that may be congenital or due to normal aging (or other causes). It interferes with communication between the sender and receiver |
| Ineffective communication | a breakdown either in the sender's process of delivery of a message or how that message is received |
| Laryngectomy | partial or total removal of the larynx |
| Message | information that may be verbal or nonverbal and that is transmitted from the sender. |
| Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) | theory that language cues can be used to understand how an individual experiences the world, allowing a practitioner help patient change their experience & respond in different ways. visual, auditory, & kinesthetic channels. Created by Grinder & Bandler |
| Nonverbal communication | actions, the way we use our body, and facial expressions that are used in communication |
| Receiver | the recipient of a message (information) sent by a sender |
| Sender | the party who transmits a message (information) to a receiver |
| Social communication | day-to-day interaction with personal acquaintances. less literal and purposeful in social interactions |
| Therapeutic communication | communication that attempts to determine a patient's needs |
| Verbal communication | process of exchanging information by the spoken or written word. objective part of communication process |
| Visually impaired | a person with loss of complete or partial visual functioning |
| Hill-Burton act | first major law to address mental health issues -provided money to build psychiatric units in hospitals |
| National Mental Health Act | -NIMH established -provided money for nursing & other training areas |
| National Coalition of Ethnic Minority Nurse Associations (NCEMNA) is made up of five national associations: | 1. AAPINA 2. NANAINA 3. NAHN 4. NBNA 5. PNAA |
| Bessie Blount Griffin | -specialized in handwriting -helped soldiers to learn how to write with mouths and feet |
| Hildegard Peplau | believed nurses should use every opportunity to educate the public and act as role models in physical and mental health -believed in establishing therapeutic relationship with client |
| Mary Mahoney | first African American nurse -contributed to home health care |
| Effie Jane Taylor | initiated first psychiatric program of study for nurses -development/implementation of patient centered care, emphasis on emotional and intellectual life of patient |
| Harriet Bailey | first textbook focus on psychiatric nursing |
| Linda Richards | worked to upgrade nursing education |
| Dorothea Dix | school teacher -focused on mentally ill and prisoners, asylums were developed as a result |
| Florence Nightingale | -Crimean War keep environment clean -founder of nursing |
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