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MLT Ch. 2 Hematology
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first type of cell produced by the developing embryo? | Erythrocyte |
| What percentage of tissue located in the bone marrow cavities of adults is fat? | 50% |
| What kind of stem cells possess self-renewal ability, produce progenitor cells committed to a single cell lineage, and are morphologically unrecognizable/ | pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells |
| In an adult, what are the two best areas for obtaining active bone marrow by aspiration? | posterior iliac crest, and sternum |
| What is the normal ratio of myeloid to erythroid precursors in the bone marrow (M:E ratio)? | 4:1 |
| The following accurately describes what growth factors: Bind to target cell receptors to express activity, May promote or suppress cell death, and can stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation? | hematopoietic growth factors |
| In the third month of gestation what is the primary site of hematopoiesis? | Liver |
| The mechanism that relays information about tissue oxygen levels to erythropoietin-producing sites is located in the | kidney |
| Antigen-independent lymphopoiesis occurs in primary lymphoid tissue located in the | thymus and bone marrow |
| Programmed cell death is called | apoptosis |
| in what area of the bone arrow does hematopoiesis take place? | cords |
| bone marrow cellularity refers to the ratio of | hematopoietic tissue to adipose tissue |
| interleukins and colony stimulating factors are cytokines produced by | monocytes and T lymphocytes |
| What is the approximate total blood volume in an adult? | 6L |
| The myeloid progenitor cell can produce cells committed to | granulocytic, erythrocytic, monocytic, or megakaryocytic lineages |
| The largest hematopoietic cells in normal bone marrow are the | megakaryocytes |
| As most blood cell lines mature, what would be one of the characteristics? | nucleus to cytoplasm ratio (N:C) decreases |
| What describes thrombopoietin (TPO) | It is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates megakaryopoeisis |
| when the hepatic phase of fetal life is reactivated in an adult, hematopoiesis can be termed | myeloid metaplasia or extramedullary |
| what is the average lifespan of a red blood cell? | 120 days |
| the Na+ -K+ cation pump is an important mechanism in keeping the red blood cell intact. its function is to maintain a high level of | intracellular K+ |
| what is the structure of the hemoglobin molecule? | four heme groups four globin chains |
| what is the process known as culling? | removal of abnormal red cells by the spleen |
| hemoglobin forms that are incapable of oxygen transport include | carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin |
| the majority of iron found in an adult is a constituent of | hemoglobin |
| a senescent red blood cell is one that has | lived its life span |
| what red cell morphologic abnormality is described by the term poikilocytosis | deviations from the normal shape |
| Howell-Jolly bodies are composed of | DNA |
| when spherocytes are reported, what is observed on the peripheral blood smear? | RBCs without central pallor |
| red cells found in lead poisoning characteristically exhibit coarse granules composed of ---?--- that are reported as ---?--- | aggregated ribosomes; basophilic stippling |
| rouleaux of red blood cells when seen in the monolayer of a blood smear is characteristic of | multiple myeloma |
| What is true about iron absorption regarding erythropoietic activity? | absorption increases when erythropoietic activity increases |
| what term describes a mature red blood cell that contains iron granules or deposits? | siderocyte |
| What is one of the reasons you can have a "shift to the left" in the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin | decreased oxygen release |
| What are some of the things that characterize erythropoietin (EPO)? | It transforms the CFU-E into the earliest recognizable RBC precursor, it increases the rate of red blood cell production by the bone marrow, and it shortens the maturation time of developing erythroid precursors |
| what is one factor that will result in an immediate increase in oxygen delivery to the tissues? | increased hemoglobin binding of 2,3-BPG |
| periods of intense erythropoietin activity cause premature release of marrow reticulocytes into the blood, what is true about these early reticulocytes? | they circulate longer than usual before reaching maturity, they may be termed shift or stress reticulocytes, and they may show diffuse basophilia with Wright's stain |
| Which of the following inclusions is only visible with supravital staining? | heinz bodies |
| the presence of schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear is commonly associated with | increased red cell destruction |
| what may be a sign of accelerated bone marrow erythropoiesis | nucleated red cells in the peripheral circulation |
| microcytic, hypochromic red cells are most often associated with impaired | hemoglobin synthesis |
| when acanthocytes are found on the blood smear, it is usually the result of | altered membrane lipids |
| which erythrocyte metabolic pathway generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via glycolosis | Embden-Meyerhof |
| what red blood cell precursor is the last stage to undergo mitosis | polychromatophilic normoblast |
| the major adult hemoglobin requires the synthesis of alpha-globin chains and | beta-globin chains |
| defective nuclear maturation commonly results in the production of red cells that are | macrocytic |
| the major storage form of iron is | ferritin |
| excessive extravascular red cell destruction is associated with | bilirubinemia |
| which protein is primarily responsible for transport of hemoglobin dimers resulting from intravascular hemolysis | haptoglobin |
| the morphologic abnormality characteristically found in hemoglobinopathies is | codocytes- Target cells |
| where do the early and late stages of heme synthesis occur | in mitochondria |
| spectrin is a protein that occupies a major role in | red cell membrane structure |
| what is the function of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the red blood cell | neutralizes intracellular oxidants that accumulate |
| what does measuring the total iron binding capacity (TIBC) represent? | amount of iron that transferrin can bind |
| serum ferritin is a good indicator of the amount of | storage iron |
| fetal hemoglobin differs from adult hemoglobin in that hemoglobin F | resists elution from red cells with acid solutions |
| impaired DNA metabolism is a characteristic of | megaloblastic anemia |
| what is associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency? | G6PD gene is located on the X chromosome |
| what are some facts about variant hemoglobin E, alpha2beta2 26 Glu->Lys? | there are two small alpha chains, Hemoglobin E is the second most common hemoglobin variant known, and glutamic acid is normally found at position 26 of the beta chain |
| pica is most commonly associated with what condition? | iron deficiency |
| The leading cause of folate deficiency is | dietary insufficiency |
| What are some facts about sickle cell syndromes? | apslenism may result from repeated sickling crises in the homozygous state, heterozygous persons may be partly protected from infection by falciparum malaria, and trait conditions are generally asymptomatic with no sickle cell formation |
| shistocytes can be found in patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) what conditions could be responsible for this type of red cell destruction? | Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) |
| What are some blood findings that would correlate with the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow? | pappenheimer bodies, basophilic stippling, and increased percent transferrin saturation |
| what is usually associated with marked reticulocytosis? | four days after a major hemorrhage, drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anema |
| hereditary stomatocytosis is manifested physiologically by changes in | membrane cation permeability |
| in addition to an increase in red blood cells what would be a characteristic of polycythemia vera? | increased platelets, increased granulocytes, increased erythropoietin level |
| what are some characteristics of aplastic anemia? | bone marrow hypoplasia, absolute reticulocytopenia, blood findings of pancytopenia |
| what values would you expect to obtain on hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations done immediately after a major hemorrhage, if hemoglobin and hematocrit vanlues were normal prior to the hemorrhage? | both normal |
| results from a 1-day-old infant include a hemoglobin of 20.1g/dL, a hematocrit of 60%, MCV of 110.2fL, and 4 nucleated red cells/100 WBCs. How should these results be interpreted? | no further testing is indicated |
| red blood cells with a single elongated projection are known as---?--- and may be seen in ---?--- | dacryocytes;myelofibrosis |
| a patient with nomocytic, normochromic anemia secondary to small cell carcinoma may be exhibiting an anemia designated as | myelophthisic |
| idopathic aplatic anemia is best defined as a form of anemia that | has no identifiable cause |
| What is the name of one of the true red blood cell aplasias? | Damond-Blackfan anemia |
| what are some of the causes of absolute secondary erythrocytosis? | defective cardiac or pulonary function, high-altitude adjustment, hemoglobins with increased oxygen affinity |
Created by:
jParette
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