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Reproductive
FA complete review part 1.B Embryology and Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the role/function of the placenta? | Primary site of nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus. |
| What are the fetal components of f the placenta? | Cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast |
| What is the maternal component of the placenta? | Decidua basalis |
| What is the Cytotrophoblast? | Inner layer of chorionic villi |
| Which fetal component of the placenta makes cells? | Cytotrophoblast |
| Outer layer of chorionic villi | Syncytiotrophoblast |
| What is the role of Syncytiotrophoblast? | Synthesizes and secretes hormone |
| What is the main hormone produced by Syncytiotrophoblast? | hCG |
| What is hCG? | Hormone produced by Syncytiotrophoblast; structurally similar to LH |
| Secondary role of Syncytiotrophoblast? | Stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone during first trimester. |
| Why is the syncytiotrophoblast not attacked by the maternal immune system? | Lacks MHC-I expression |
| A placental component derived from the Endometrium? | Decidua basalis |
| Maternal blood in lacunae | Decidua basalis |
| What are the components of the Umbilical cord? | Umbilical arteries (2) and Umbilical vein (1) |
| What is the role of the Umbilical arteries? | Return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta |
| Role of Umbilical vein? | Supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus |
| What structure drains into IVC via liver or via ductus venosus? | Umbilical vein |
| Which structure in umbilical cord has deoxygenated oxygen in the blood? | Umbilical arteries |
| What is an associated pathology of the umbilical cord? | Single umbilical artery |
| The umbilical arteries and umbilical vein are derived from the _________________. | Allantois |
| What structures are derived from the Allantois? | Umbilical arteries and vein |
| What structure is produced at the 3rd week of gestation from the yolk sac? | Allantois |
| The allantois, extends into ___________________. | Urogenital sinus |
| What is the Urachus? | Duct between fetal bladder and umbilicus |
| Duct between the fetal bladder and umbilicus | Urachus |
| The allantois becomes the _________________. | Urachus |
| Failure of urachus to involute can lead to: | Anomalies that may increase risk of infection and/or malignancy if not treated |
| What is the Obliterated urachus? | Median umbilical ligament |
| What does the urachus become after birth? | Median umbilical ligament |
| What is the Patent urachus? | Total failure of urachus to obliterate --> urine discharge from umbilicus |
| What is key feature/symptom of Patent Urachus? | Urine discharge from umbilicus |
| Partial failure of urachus to obliterate. Dx? | Urachal cyst |
| What is the Urachal cyst? | Fluid-filled cavity lined with uroepithelium, between umbilicus and bladder |
| Painful mass below the umbilicus, which often is infected. Dx? | Urachal cyst |
| Slight failure of urachus to obliterate. Dx? | Vesicourachal diverticulum |
| What is the pathology of the outpouching of bladder? | Vesicourachal diverticulum |
| Associated pathologies of the Vitelline duct? | Vitelline fistula and Meckel diverticulum |
| At what week is the Vitelline duct obliterated? | 7th week |
| Another name of Vitelline duct? | Omphalomesenteric duct |
| What is structures are connected by the Vitelline duct? | Yolk sac to midgut lumen |
| Vitelline duct fails to close. Dx? | Vitelline fistula |
| What is the key symptom of Vitelline fistula? | Meconium discharge from umbilicus |
| Poop coming out from the bellybutton | Vitelline fistula |
| What is the cause of Meckel diverticulum? | Partial closure of vitelline duct |
| What condition is presented with a patent portion of vitelline duct attached to ileum (true diverticulum)? | Meckel diverticulum |
| What is found inside the Meckel diverticulum? | Heterotopic gastric and/or pancreatic tissue leading to melena, hematochezia, and abdominal pain. |
| Aortic arches derivatives develop into ---> | Arterial system |
| What are the precursors of the arterial system? | Aortic arches |
| The 1st Aortic arch gives rise to the --> | Maxillary artery |
| What branch of the external carotid is a derivative of the 1st aortic arch? | Maxillary artery |
| The maxillary artery is a derivative of which aortic arch? | 1st Aortic arch |
| What are the derivatives of the 2nd aortic arch? | Stapedial artery and hyoid artery |
| Stapedial and Hyoid arteries are derivatives of which aortic arch? | 2nd Aortic arch |
| Second Aortic arch gives rise to: | Stapedial artery and hyoid artery |
| What arteries are derivatives of the 3rd Aortic arch? | Common Carotid artery and the proximal part of internal Carotid artery |
| Common Carotid artery is a derivative of the _________ aortic arch. | 3rd Aortic arch |
| Which aortic arch gives rise to the proximal part of the Internal Carotid artery? | 3rd Aortic arch |
| Which part of the Internal Carotid artery is a derivative of the 3rd aortic arch? | Proximal part |
| What is the derivative, on the left, of the 4th aortic arch? | Aortic arch |
| Which aortic arch gives rise to the aortic arch? | 4th Aortic arch |
| What is the resultative derivative on the right of the 4th Aortic arch? | Proximal part of the Right Subclavian artery |
| Derivatives of the 4th aortic arch: | LEFT --> Aortic arch RIGHT ---> Proximal part of Right Subclavian artery |
| What are the derivatives of the 6th Aortic arch? | Proximal part of Pulmonary arteries and (left only) the Ductus arteriosus |
| Ductus arteriosus is a derivative of the _______ aortic arch. | 6th Aortic arch |
| Which is the bilateral derivative of the 6th aortic arch? | Proximal part of the Pulmonary arteries |
| On which side is the derivative of the 6th aortic arch derivative, Ductus arteriosus? | Left only |
| The Right recurrent Laryngeal nerve loops around the --- | Right Subclavian artery |
| Which structure is "looped" by the Left Recurrent Laryngeal nerve? | Aortic arch distal to ductus arteriosus |
| How is the Branchial apparatus composed? | Composed of branchial clefts, arches, and pouches |
| What is another name for the Branchial clefts? | Branchial grooves |
| A branchial groove is the same as a ____________________. | Branchial cleft |
| Branchial clefts are derived from _________________. | Ectoderm |
| Which part of the Branchial apparatus is derived from Ectoderm? | Branchial clefts |
| Which part of the Branchial apparatus is derived from the Mesoderm and Neural crest? | Branchial arches |
| Branchial arches are derived from : | Mesoderm and Neural crest |
| Mesoderm derived branchial arches give rise to: | Muscles and arteries |
| Neural crest derived branchial arches give rise toJ: | Bone and cartilage |
| Branchial pouches are derived from the _________________. | Endoderm |
| Which part of the Branchial apparatus is derived from the Endoderm? | Branchial pouches |
| Arrangement of the Branchial apparatus from outside to inside | CAP: Clefts --> Arches --> Pouches |
| The innermost part of the Branchial apparatus are the: | Branchial pouches |
| What does the 1st Branchial cleft derivatives into? | External auditory meatus |
| What is the Branchial cleft which derives into the external auditory meatus? | 1st Branchial cleft |
| Which branchial clefts develop into the temporary cervical sinuses? | 2nd through 4th Branchial clefts |
| What obliterates the temporary cervical sinuses? | Proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme |
| What is obliterated by the proliferation of the 2nd arch mesenchyme? | Temporary cervical sinuses |
| Failure to obliterate the temporary cervical sinuses lead into _____________. | Branchial cleft cyst |
| Location of Branchial cleft cyst | Lateral neck, anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle |
| What is the MCC of Branchial cleft cyst? | Persistent cervical sinus |
| Is a branchial cleft cyst, lateral or midline, of the neck? | Lateral neck |
| What are the cartilage derivatives of the 1st Branchial arch? | 1. Maxillary process --> Maxilla, Zygomatic bone 2. Mandibular process --> Meckel cartilage --> Mandible, Malleus and Incus, Sphenomandibular ligament |
| Maxillary and Mandibular processes are cartilage/bone derivations of which branchial arch? | 1st Branchial arch |
| Muscles derived from the 1st Branchial arch: | 1. Muscles of Mastication 2. Mylohyoid muscle 3. Anterior belly of digastric 4. Tensor tympani 5. Anterior 2/3 of tongue 6. Tensor veli palatini |
| What are the muscles of mastication? | Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral and Medial Pterygoids |
| Muscles of mastication are derivatives of the ---> | 1st Branchial arch |
| Which ear muscle is a derivative of 1st branchial arch? | Tensor tympani |
| What branchial arch gives rise to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? | 1st Branchial arch |
| Which nerve is derived of the 1st branchial arch? | CN V3 |
| Meckel cartilage is a derivative of the ____ branchial arch? | 1st Branchial arch |
| What are abnormalities associated with the 1st and 2nd Branchial arches? | 1. Pierre Robin sequence 2. Treacher Collins syndrome |
| Pierre Robin sequence is an abnormality or pathology of the ___________________ arches. | 1st and 2nd Branchial arches |
| What is Pierre Robin sequence features? | Micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, and airway obstruction |
| What is the cause of Treacher Collins syndrome? | Neural crest dysfunction |
| What are the main physical features of Treacher Collins syndrome? | Mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities |
| Cartilage derived from the 2nd Branchial arch | Reichert cartilage |
| What is included as part of the Reichert cartilage? | Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, and Stylohyoid ligament |
| Which bones are arised from the 2nd Branchial arch? | Staples, Styloid process, and lesser horn of Hyoid |
| Stapes is a derivative of the ___________________ arch. | 2nd Branchial arch |
| Muscle of facial expression are derived from which Branchial arch? | 2nd Branchial arch |
| List of muscles of 2nd Branchial arch: | 1. Muscles of facial expression 2. Stapedius 3. Stylohyoid 4. Platysma 5. Posterior belly of digastric |
| Posterior belly of digastric is derived from the ________________. | 2nd Branchial arch |
| Which nerve is a derivative of the 2nd Branchial arch? | CN VII |
| Which is the cartilage derivative of the 3rd Branchial arch? | Greater horn of Hyoid |
| Muscle derived from the 3rd Branchial arch | Stylopharyngeus |
| CN IX is a derivative of the ________ Branchial _________. | 3rd Branchial arch |
| Associated cartilage/bone derivatives of 4th-6th Branchial arches | Arytenoids Cricoid Corniculate Cuneiform Thyroid |
| 4th Branchial arch muscles: | - Most Pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - Levator veli palatini |
| The Cricothyroid is a derivative of which Branchial arch? | 4th Branchial arch |
| Which is the only intrinsic muscle of the larynx derived from the 4th Branchial arch? | Cricothyroid muscle |
| What muscles are derivatives of the 6th Branchial arch? | All intrinsic muscles of larynx except the Cricothyroid |
| Which CN innervate and is derived from both the 4th and 6th Branchial arches? | CN X |
| What part of CN X is derived from the 4th Branchial arch? | Superior Laryngeal branch |
| The Superior Laryngeal branch of CN X is derivation of which branchial arch? | 4th Branchial arch |
| The Recurrent and Inferior Laryngeal branches of CNX are derived from the: | 6th Branchial arch |
| Which parts of CN X are derived from the 6th Branchial arch? | Recurrent and Inferior Laryngeal branches |
| Which branchial arch(es) form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? | 3 and 4 Branchial arches |
| Main derivatives of the 1st Branchial pouch | Middle ear cavity, Eustachian tube, and Mastoid air cells |
| What is an important contribution of the 1st branchial pouch? | Endoderm-lined structures of ear |
| What are the derivatives of the 2nd Branchial pouch? | Epithelial lining of palatine tonsil |
| What is the anatomical relation between 3rd-pouch and 4th-pouch structures? | 3rd-pouch structures end up BELOW 4th pouch structures |
| 2 main derivatives of the 3rd branchial pouch: | 1. Dorsal wings --> Inferior Parathyroids 2. Ventral wings --> Thymus |
| Which branchial pouch gives rise to the inferior parathyroids? | 3rd Branchial pouch |
| The thymus a derivative of the ______ branchial _____________. | 3rd Branchial pouch |
| What is the structure formed by the Ventral wings of the 3rd branchial pouch? | Thymus |
| Structure formed by the Dorsal wings of the 3rd branchial pouch | Inferior Parathyroids |
| Superior Parathyroids are a derivative of which branchial pouch? | 4th Branchial pouch |
| What are the structures formed by the Ventral wings of the 4th branchial pouch? | Ultimobranchial body --> Parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid |
| The parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid are a derivative of the _____ Branchial ___________. | 4th Branchial pouch |
| MCC of DiGeorge syndrome | Chromosome 22q11 deletion |
| What pathology is due to aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches? | DiGeorge syndrome |
| What are the results of poor development of 3rd/4th branchial pouches, seen in DiGeorge syndrome? | - T-cell deficiency (Thymic aplasia) - Hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) |
| What are the type of cardiac defects associated with DiGeorge syndrome? | Conotruncal abnormalities |
| DiGeorge syndrome is seen with ________________ (Ca2+ serum level). | Hypocalcemia |
| Hypo- or Hypercalcemia is seen in DiGeorge syndrome? | Hypocalcemia |
| What is the cause of Cleft lip? | Failure of fusion of the maxillary and merged medial nasal processes |
| The failure of the maxillary and medial nasal processes. Dx? | Cleft lip |
| Failure of fusion of the two lateral palatine shelves or failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelves with the nasal septum and/or median palatine shelf | Cleft palate |
| Defect in formation of secondary palate. Dx? | Cleft palate |
| Defect in formation of primary palate. Dx? | Cleft lip |
| What are the two causes of Cleft palate? | 1. Failure of fusion of the two lateral palatine shelves 2. Failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelves with the nasal septum and/or median palatine shelf |
| What is the default genital development? | Female |
| Mechanism of action of female genital development | Mesonephric duct degenerates and Paramesonephric duct develops. |
| Which gender is associated with SRY gene on Y chromosome? | Male |
| Which duct degenerates in female genital embryological development? | Mesonephric duct |
| Development of the Paramesonephric duct is seen in males or females genital development? | Female |
| What is produced by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome? | Testis-determining factor |
| What is secreted by Sertoli cells? | Mullerian inhibitory factor |
| What cells secrete Mullerian inhibitory factor? | Sertoli cells |
| What is MIF? | Mullerian inhibitory factor |
| What is the function of Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF)? | Suppression of development of Paramesonephric ducts |
| What protein/hormone suppresses the development of Paramesonephric ducts in male genital development? | Mullerian inhibitory factor |
| What is secreted by Leydig cells? | Androgens |
| What is the role of androgens in male genitalia embryological development? | Stimulate development of mesonephric ducts |
| Substance that stimulates the development of Mesonephric ducts in males? | Androgens |
| Another name for the Paramesonephric duct? | Mullerian duct |
| Mullerian duct = | Paramesonephric duct |
| Develops into female internal structures- Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina. | Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct |
| What is the male remnant of the Mullerian duct called? | Appendix testis |
| What is the appendix testis? | Remnant of male Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct |
| Another name for Mullerian agenesis? | Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome |
| How is Mullerian agenesis clinically presented? | Primary amenorrhea in females with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics |
| Why is Mullerian agenesis presented with primary amenorrhea? | Due to a lack of uterine development |
| How are ovaries of a Mullerian agenesis patient? | Functional ovaries |
| Common name for the Mesonephric duct? | Wolffian duct |
| Develops into male internal structures, except the prostate. | Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct |
| What structures are developed by the Wolffian duct? | Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus deferens |
| What is the name of the female remnant of the Wolffian duct? | Gartner duct |
| SEED | Mnemonic used to recall the structures developed by the Wolffian duct. Seminal vesicles Epididymis Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens |
| What is the result of either No Sertoli cells or lack of MIF? | Development of both female and male internal genitalia and male external genitalia. |
| What defect can be suspected in patient with both male and female internal genitalia, but only male external genitalia? | - Lack of Sertoli cells or, - Lack of MIF |
| What condition is presented by the inability to convert testosterone into DHT? | 5a-reductase deficiency |
| What are the sexual features presented in patient with 5a-reductase deficiency? | 1. Male internal genitalia 2. Ambiguous external genitalia until puberty |
| What happens during puberty to 5a-reductase deficiency patients? | Increase levels of testosterone lead to masculinization, of previous ambiguous external genitalia |
| Ambiguous external genitalia + Male internal genitalia; masculinization at 13 yo. Dx? | 5a-reductase deficiency |
| What is the role of Leydig cells in the testes, overly simplified? | Leads to male (internal and external) sexual differentiation |
| What is the overly simplified function of Sertoli cells in the testes? | Shut down female (internal) sexual diffentiation |
| What are the most common Uterine (Mullerian) anomalies? | 1. Septate uterus 2. Bicornuate uterus 3. Uterus didelphys |
| Incomplete resorption of septum of the uterus. Dx? | Septate uterus |
| What are symptoms of Septate uterus? | Decreased fertility and early miscarriage |
| Treatment for septate uterus | Septoplasty |
| What is the pathogenesis of Bicornuate uterus? | Incomplete fusion of Mullerian ducts |
| Complete failure of fusion of the uterus. Dx? | Uterus didelphys |
| What condition is presented with double uterus, cervix, and vagina? | Uterus didelphys |
| Is pregnancy posible in Uterus didelphys? | Yes |
| What androgen aids male development? | Dihydrotestosterone |
| What are the male structures derived from the Genital tubercle? | 1. Glans penis and, 2. Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum |
| Female derivatives of the genital tubercle? | 1. Glans clitoris 2. Vestibular bulbs |
| List of the undifferentiated genital structures: | 1. Genital tubercle 2. Urogenital sinus 3. Urogenital folds 4. Labioscrotal swelling |
| What is the male homolog of the Glans clitoris in females? | Glans penis |
| Female Vestibular bulbs = male __________________________. | Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum |
| What is the undifferentiated genitalia structure of the male Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)? | Urogenital sinus |
| What are the male differentiated structures of the Urogenital sinus? | 1. Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) 2. Prostate gland |
| Urogenital sinus + DHT ===> | Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper), and Prostate gland |
| Urogenital sinus + Estrogen ====> | Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene) |
| Glands of Bartholin and glands of Skene are _______________ derivatives from the _________________. | Female; Urogenital sinus |
| Which are the associated male genital glands coming from the Urogenital sinus? | Glands of Cowper |
| What is to become in men from the Urogenital folds as they are stimulated by DHT? | Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) |
| Ventral shaft of penis is a way to describe the __________________. | Penile urethra |
| What is the female homolog to the male penile urethra? | Labia minora |
| Labia minora is differentiated from the ---> | Urogenital folds |
| What is the pre-undifferentiated genital part of the Labia majora? | Labioscrotal swelling |
| Labioscrotal swelling becomes the _________________- in males. | Scrotum |
| What sex hormone is used to differentiate female genitalia? | Estrogen |
| What is Hypospadias? | Abnormal opening of the penile urethra on vental surface of penis due to failure of urethral fols to fuse |
| What is a rare male condition due to urethral folds fail to fuse during embryologic genital development? | Hypospadias |
| Which is most common, Epispadias or Hypospadias? | Hypospadias |
| What are common assocaiations of Hypospadias? | 1. Inguinal hernia 2. Cryptorchidism |
| Abnormal opeining of penile urethra on dorsal sufrace due to faulry positioning of genital tubercle. Dx? | Epispadias |
| Which penile abnormalite is due to a faulty positionning of hte genital tubercle? | Epispadias |
| What is a featured associateion of Epispadias? | Exstrophy of the bladder |
| What ar tehe tow most common congenital penile abnormaliteies? | Hyposapdias and Epispadias |
| Which surface of the penile urethra is affected in Hypospadias? | Ventral surface |
| Which surface of the penile urethra, ventral or dorsal, is affected in Epispadias? | Dorsal surface |
| What is the description of the Gubernaculum? | Band of fibrous tissue |
| What is the male remnant of the Gubernaculum? | Anchors testes with scrotum |
| What is the female remnant of the Gubernaculum? | Ovarian ligament + round ligament of the uterus |
| The Ovarian ligament and the Round Ligament of the Uterus are: | Female remnant of the Gubernaculum |
| Description of the Processus vaginalis | Evagination of peritoneum |
| What is the male remnant of the Processus vaginalis? | Tunica vaginalis |
| What happens to the Processus vaginalis in women? | It is obliterated |
| What is the path of LEFT Gonadal venous drainage? | Left ovary/testis --> Left gonadal vein --> Left renal vein --> IVC |
| Which vein is not "skipped" by the Right gonadal venous drainage, in comparison to the left side? | No Right renal vein |
| If the venous drainage does not include the renal vein, it represents which side? | Right side |
| If the venous drainage of the gonads includes the renal vein, it must indicate which side? | Left side |
| Which side has a longer gonadal venous drainage? | Left side |
| Which side is most common to develop a varicocele? | Left side |
| Why are varicoceles more common to occur in the Left side of the venous drainage? | Left venous pressure is greater than the right |
| Which vein enters the left renal vein at a 90 degree angle? | Left spermatic vein |
| Which renal vein, right or left, has a less laminar flow? | Left side |
| What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries/testis? | Para-aortic lymph nodes |
| What structures are known to drain lymph fluid into the Para-aortic lymph nodes? | Ovaries and testes |
| Where does lymph of the body of uterus and superior bladder drain into? | External iliac lymph nodes |
| What structures drain into the superficial inguinal nodes? | Distal vagina, vulva, scrotum, and distal anus |
| Which lymph nodes receive lymph drainage from the Prostate/cervix, corpus cavernosum, and proximal vagina? | Internal iliac nodes |
| Lymph of the glans penis drains into the _____________________ nodes. | Deep inguinal nodes |
| What is connected by the infundibulopelvic ligament? | Ovaries to lateral pelvic wall |
| What are the structures contained in the Infundibulopelvic ligament? | Ovarian vessels |
| What is another name for the Infundibulopelvic ligament? | Suspensory ligament of the ovary |
| Why are Ovarian vessels ligated during an Oophorectomy? | Avoid bleeding |
| In respect to the peritoneum and gonadal vessels where does the ureter course? | Retroperitoneally, close to gonadal vessels |
| What structures are at risk by ligation of ovarian vessels? | Ureters |
| What ligament contains the ovarian vessels? | Infundibulopelvic ligamet |
| What structures are contained by the Suspensory ligament of the ovary? | Ovarian vessels |
| Infundibulopelvic ligament = | Suspensory ligament of the ovary |
| Ovaries to lateral pelvic wall are connected by which ligament? | Infundibulopelvic ligament |
| What structures are connected by the Cardinal ligament? | Cervix to side wall of pelvis |
| What vessels are contained by the Cardinal ligament? | Uterine vessels |
| Infundibulopelvic ligament contains __________ vessels. Cardinal ligament contains the _______________ vessels. | ----- Ovarian vessels Uterine vessels |
| Which surgical procedure places the ureters in risk of injury by ligation of the uterine vessels? | Hysterectomy |
| Which vessels are ligated during a hysterectomy? | Uterine vessels |
| Which structures are at higher risk of injury during a Hysterectomy? | Ureters |
| What does the Round ligament of the uterus connect? | Uterine horn to labia majora |
| Uterine horn-----------------------------labia majora. Name of the connecting structure? | Round ligament of the uterus |
| Which ligament is a derivative of gubernaculum that has no association connecting ovaries? (Female) | Round ligament of the uterus |
| What canal is used by the Round ligament of the Uterus? | Round inguinal canal |
| Anatomical position of the Round Ligament of the Uterus with respect to the artery of Sampson? | Travels above the artery of Sampson |
| What structure is known tor travel above the artery of Sampson? | Round ligament of the uterus |
| What are the contained structures of the Broad ligament? | Ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligaments of uterus |
| Which ligament contains the round ligament of the uterus? | Broad ligament |
| What is connected by the Broad ligament? | Uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries to pelvic side wall |
| [Uterus, Fallopian tubes, Ovaries]----------(Pelvic side wall). Represents? | Dotted line is the Broad ligament connects those structures together |
| Which ligament is known to contain the Round ligament of the uterus? | Broad ligament |
| Which ligament connects the Medial pole of ovary to uterine horn? | Ovarian ligament |
| What is the Broad ligament? | Fold of peritoneum that comprises the mesosalpinx, mesometrium, and mesovarium |
| A fold of the peritoneum that comprises the meso-salpinx, -metrium, and -ovarium. | Broad ligament |
| Ligament derivative of gubernaculum that connects the inside surface of the ovatire to the uterine horn | Ovarian ligament |
| Ovarian Ligament Latches to | Lateral uterus |
| Ovaries are contained by which ligament? | Broad ligament |
| Which structures associated with pregnancy are contained by the Broad ligament? | Ovaries and Fallopian tubes |
| It is safe to associate a Fallopian tube with which ligament? | Broad ligament |
| What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation? | 1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Epididymis 3. Vas deferens 4. Ejaculatory duct 5. Urethra 6. Penis |
| What is mnemonic used to arrange properly the pathway that sperm travel during ejeaculation? | SEVEN UP |
| SEVEN UP: | Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejacularoty ducts N(nothing) Urethra Penis |
| Urethral injuries are almost exclusive of which gender? | Male |
| What is a classic sign that should raise suspicion of an urethral injury? | Blood is seen in urethral meatus |
| Which are the two main types of urethral injury? | Anterior and Posterior urethral injuries |
| What part of the urethra is injured in anterior urethral injury? | Bulbar (spongy) urethra |
| Injury to the Bulbal or Spongy urethra. Dx? | Anterior urethral injury |
| Which part of the urethra is injury in a posterior injury? | Membranous urethra |
| What is the mechanism of injury of an anterior urethral injury? | Perineal straddle injury |
| A pelvic fracture is the most common mechanism to cause which type of Urethral injury? | Posterior urethral injury |
| Where does urine leak in a posterior urethral injury? | Retropubic space |
| Leakage of urine into retropubic space. Dx? | Posterior urethral injury |
| Where (anatomical structure) is blood accumulated in an anterior urethral injury? | Scrotum |
| Which structure must torn in order for urine to leak into perineal space in a anterior urethral injury? | Buck fascia |
| What happens in an Anterior urethral injury if the Buck fascia is torn? | Urine escapes into perineal space |
| What are the common clinical symptoms of an Anterior urethral injury? | Blood at urethral meatus and Scrotal hematoma |
| Patient presents with a Scrotal hematoma. Most likely dx? | Anterior urethral injury |
| Blood at urethral meatus + high-riding prostate | Most common presentation of Posterior urethral injury |
| Vignette describes a person in VA and presenting a high-riding prostate.. Dx? | Posterior urethral injury due to pelvic fracture |
| Which part of the nervous system is in charge erection? | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Which nerves are associated with penile erection? | Pelvic splanchnic nerves, S2-S4 |
| What action may be affected by damage to nerve roots S2-S4? | Erection |
| Is NO (nitric monoxide) anti-or proerectile? | Proerectile |
| What is the MOA of NO as proerectile? | NO --> Increases cGMP --> smooth muscle relaxation --> vasodilation ---> Pro-erection. |
| Which catecholamine is known to be antiereictile? | Norepinephrine |
| What is the direct effect of NE by which it causes smooth muscle contraction ? | Increases Ca2+ serum levels |
| Emission of male sexual response is performed by which part of the nervous system? | Sympathetic nervous system |
| What nerve is associated to cause emission in male sexual response? | Hypogastric nerve, T11-L2 |
| What part of male seuxal respones may be affected by damage or injury to nerve roots T12-L2? | Emission |
| Which nerve causes ejaculation of sperm? | Pudendal nerve |
| Injury to the Pudendal nerve may cause what effect on male sexual response? | Lack of ejaculation |
| No ejaculation is due to _____________ nerve damage. | Pudendal nerve |
| Visceral and Somatic nerves are involved in which part of the male sexual response? | Ejaculation |
| How doe PDE-5 inhibitors help erectile dysfunction? | Decrease the cGMP breakdown |
| Higher levels of cGMP would mean what to a male erection? | Better erection due to increased vasodilation |
| Most common PDE-5 inhibitor | Sildenafil |
| Function of Spermatogonia | Maintain germ cell pool and produce primary spermatocytes |
| What are the locations in which Spermatogonia is found? | - Line seminiferous tubules - Germ cells |
| List of functions of Sertoli cells | 1. Secrete inhibin B 2. Secrete Androgen-binding protein 3. Produce MIF 4. Tight junctios between adjacent Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier. 5. Support and nourish developing spermatozoa 6. Regulate spermatogenesis |
| How are Sertoli cells temperature sensitive? | Decrease sperm production and decreased inhibin B with increasing temperature |
| What is the function of inhibin B secreted by Sertoli cells? | Inhibit FSH |
| What Sertoli cell secretion inhibits FSH? | Inhibin B |
| What is the purpose of the Androgen-binding protein secreted by Sertoli cells? | Maintain local levels of testosterone |
| What protein is known to maintain local levels of testosterone? | Androgen-binding protein |
| Which cells secrete Inhibin B and Androgen-binding protein? | Sertoli cells |
| What is the purpose or function of the blood-testis barrier created by advent Sertoli cells' tight junctions? | Isolate gametes from autoimmune attack |
| What structure protects gametes from autoimmune attack and it is associated with Sertoli cells? | Blood-testis barrier |
| Which cells regulate spermatogenesis? | Sertoli cells |
| Which cells line the seminiferous tubules? | Sertoli cells |
| Non-germ cells of the male anatomy | Sertoli cells |
| Homolog of female granulosa cells | Sertoli cells |
| Which are the male "granulosa cells"? | Sertoli cells |
| Which cells secrete testosterone? | Leydig cells |
| What cells are found in the Seminiferous tubules? | Spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells |
| What hormone is required by Leydig cells to produce testosterone? | LH |
| Is testosterone production affected by temperature? | No, it is not affected |
| Homolog of female theca interna cells | Leydig cells |
| Where in the seminiferous tubules are Leydig cells found? | Interstitium |
| Leydig cells are considered _________________ cells. | Endocrine cells |
| Leydig cells secrete/produce ______________________ in the presence of LH. | Testosterone |
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