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PN Exam 10 Class #89
Ch 45-46 MS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The skeletal and muscular systems can be considered as one because? | Together they move the body. |
| The skeleton is the framework of the body to which the voluntary what are attached? | Muscles |
| What does this framework include? | The joints, or articulations between bones. |
| What are the tissues that make up the skeletal system? | 1. Bone tissue 2. Articular cartilage (joints) 3. Fibrous connective tissue (ligaments) 4. Other structures within joints |
| What does Cartilage do? | Cushions joint and reduces friction |
| What do Tendons do? | Connects muscle to bone |
| What do Ligaments do? | Connect bone to bone |
| What are Fasciae? | Strong membranes enclosing individual muscles |
| What are the primary roles of the skeleton? | 1. Body movement 2. Protects organs and tissues 3. Supports the body |
| What is Red Bone Marrow for? | Hematopoietic (blood forming) Tissue |
| What is Resorption? | Bone broken down with minerals including calcium released into blood. Assists in blood calcium homeostasis (balance). |
| What are the main functions of the Muscular system? | 1. Move or stabilize the skeletal system 2. Heat production 3. Aids in venous return (especially the legs) |
| What are Osteocytes? | Bone cells |
| What is the Periosteum? | Connective tissue that covers all outer bone surfaces except all the joints, where cartilage covers the end of the bone. |
| What are Osteoblasts? | Build bone matrix during growth and replace matrix during bone remodeling or repair. |
| What are Osteoclasts? | Resorb bone matrix when more calcium is needed in the blood or during repair when excess bone must be removed as bone changes shape. |
| What does Growth Hormone (GH) do? | Increases mitosis and protein synthesis. Excreted from the anterior pituitary gland. |
| What are 3 chemicals directly needed for growth? | 1. Growth hormone (GH) - from the pituitary gland 2. Thyroxine- from thyroid gland 3. Insulin- from the pancreas |
| Is bone a fixed tissue? | No, it can continue to change and repair throughout an individuals lifetime. |
| What hormone increases removal of calcium and phosphate from bones? | Parathyroid hormone- takes calcium from bones |
| What hormone promotes retention of calcium in bones? | Calcitonin |
| What are the 2 parts of long bones? | 1. Daiphysis- or shaft 2. Epiphyses- the two ends |
| Joints that make up the skill and facial bones are connected by? | Immovable joints called Sutures (Synarthrosis) |
| The Vertebral column is made up of 33 bones called what? | Vertebrae |
| What are the 5 sections of Vertebrae? | 1. 7 Cervical vertebrae 2. 12 Thoracic Vertebrae 3. 5 Lumbar Vertebrae 4. Sacrum- 5 fused vertebrae 5. Coccyx- 4 fused vertebrae |
| What does the thoracic cage consist of? | 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum |
| All freely movable joints are also known as what? | Diarthroses- aka Synovial Joints |
| What do many Synovial joints also contain? | Bursae- small sacks of fluid between the joint and structures that cross over the joint. |
| What is origin? | The more stationary muscle attachment. |
| What is insertion? | The more movable muscle attachment. |
| Skeletal muscles are? | Voluntary- conscious control initiates nerve impulses to cause contraction. |
| What does estrogen in women and testosterone in men help with? | Maintenance of a strong bone matrix. |
| What can help offset bone loss? | Weight-bearing physical exercise. |
| What causes muscle strength decline? | Decrease in protein synthesis. |
| What are the 6 parts of a Synovial joint? | 1. Joint capsule 2. Synovial membrane 3. Joint cavity 4. Synovial fluid 5. Articular cartilage 6. Ligaments |
| What is Crepitation? | Grinding sounds as a joint or bone moves. |
| What is Synovitis? | Swollen synovial tissue within the joint. |
| What does Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) do? | Enzyme that increases when bone is damaged. |
| When Uric Acid levels rise in the serum what condition can occur? | Gout |
| What is Athrocentesis? | A procedure in which synovial fluid is aspirated from a joint for analysis or to relieve pressure. This improves pain and mobility. |
| What medications can help with Athrocentesis? | Corticosteroids, Anti-inflammatories, and Anttibiotics. |
| What is Arthroscopy? | An invasive procedure performed under local or light general anesthesia, the patient is treated as a surgical candidate in a same-day surgical setting. |
| Lab tests for Alkaline Phosphate (ALP)? | Normal range for men: 35-142 units Normal range for women: 25-125 units Increased levels may indicate: Paget disease, bone cancer, and new bone formation. |
| Lab tests for blood Calcium? | Normal range: 8.2-10.2 mg/dL Increased levels: bone cancer, immobilization, hypophosphatemia, Paget disease Decreased levels: Hyperphosphatemia, nutritional deficiency, ostomalacia |
| What does a Bone Density test do? | Measures bone strength. Ex. DEXA. |
| What is DEXA test? | Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: measures the spine, hip, and total body bone density. |
| What does a Computed Tomography (CT) scan do? | Helps diagnose problems of the joints or vertebral column. |
| What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) do? | Diagnoses musculoskeletal problems, especially those involving soft tissue. An MRI is more accurate than a CT scan for diagnosing many problems of the vertebral column. |
| What does an X-ray examination do? | Determines bone alignment density, erosion, swelling and soft tissue damage. |
| What is an Anthrogram (AKA Arthrography)? | An x-ray examination of a synovial joint, most often the knee and shoulder, after joint trauma. |
| What is a Strain? | A soft tissue injury that occurs when a muscle or tendon is excessively stretched. |
| What is RICE? | An acronym for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation which is the therapy for strain injuries. |
| What is a Sprain? | Excessive stretching of ligaments from twisting movements during a sports activity, exercise or a fall. |
| What is used to treat a Sprain? | RICE, and NSAID's. Often requires surgical intervention for tissue repair. |
| What is a Fracture? | A break in the bone that can be minor and treated on an ambulatory basis or complex with surgical intervention and rehabilitation. |
| What are Osteoclasts? | bone destroying cells |
| What are Osteoblasts? | bone building cells |
| What are the different types of Fractures? | 1. Avulsion 2. Comminuted 3. Impacted 4. Greenstick 5. Interarticular 6. Displaced 7. Pathologic 8. Spiral 9. Longitudinal 10. Oblique 11. Stress 12. Transverse |
| What is Closed Reduction? | The most common treatment for simple fractures. An HCP manpulates the bone and ends into alignment. |
| What is a serious complication of a cast being too tight? | Compartment Syndrome- resulting in the cast having to be cut off. |
| How often should Neurovascular checks be performed with a cast? | Every 1-2 hours for the first 24 hours and then four times a day as needed. |
| What is Traction? | The application of a pulling force with prescribed weights to part of the body to position and hold bone fragments in correct alignment. |
| What is Buck Traction? | Skin traction |
| What is Skeletal Traction? | Using pins, wires, or tongs inserted into the bone for bone alignment as the fracture heals. |
| What is Open Reduction with Internal Fixation? | The fractured ends are reduced (aligned) by direct visualization through a surgical incision (open reduction). |
| What does Open Reduction with Internal Fixation of the hip allow? | Early ambulation while the bone is healing. |
| What is Malunion? | Malalignment of healed bone |
| What is Non-union? | Delayed or no healing of bone |
| Why are Neurovascular checks done? | To detect abnormalities. Signs of them are numbness or tingling, decreased sensation, and mobility. These findings should be reported to the HCP immediately. |
| What is Osteomyelitis? | Bone infection |
| What is Compartment Syndrome? | A limb-threatening condition in which pressure in limb compartments increases. |
| What are the 6 P's in treating Compartment Syndrome? | 1. Pain 2. Paresthesia (painful tingling or burning) 3. Pallor 4. Paralysis 5. Pulselessness 6. Poikilothermia (extremity temp matches surroundings) |
| What is Fasciotomy? | An incision into the fascia enclosing the compartment. Used to treat Compartment Syndrome. |
| What is Rhabdomyolysis? | When muscle breakdown releases myoglobin, which is harmful to the kidneys. |
| What is Fat Embolism Syndrome? | A serious complication of fractures- small fat droplets are released from yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream, then travel to the lung fields causing respiratory insufficiency. |
| When can Fat Embolism Syndrome occur? | Up to 72 hours after the initial injury. |
| What are treatments for Fat Embolism Syndrome? | 1. Admin 2L/min 2. Put patient in High-fowlers position 3. Maintain bedrest 4. Get arterial blood gas 5. Initiate Venous access for meds 6. Admin Corticosteroids 7. Prep Pt for x-ray and MRI 8. Provide emotional support |
| What is Osteoporosis? | Porous bone- a metabolic disorder in which the re is low bone mass and deterioration of bone structure. |
| What is Primary Osteoporosis? | The most common form, it is not associated with another disease. |
| What is Secondary Osteoporosis? | Results from an associated condition or procedure. |
| What are some treatments for Ostoporosis? | Calcium and Vitamin D supplements, Bone forming meds (Teriparatide AKA Forteo) and weight-bearing exercise especially walking. |
| What is Osteosarcoma? | The most common primary malignant bone tumor. |
| Who does Osteosarcoma affect most? | Young people between the ages of 10 and 25, males are twice as likely to develop it. |
| What are bone-seeking cancers? | Primary malignant tumors that occur in the prostate, breast, lung, and thyroid gland are called bone-seeking cancers cause they migrate to bone more than any other cancer. |
| What is Gout? | An easily treated systemic connective tissue disorder occurring from the buildup of uric acid. |
| What is Hyperurcemia? | When urate crystals are formed because of excessive uric acid biuldup. |
| What triggers acute attacks of Gout? | Stress, alcohol consumption, illness, illness, trauma, dieting, or certain meds such as aspirin and diuretics. |
| What is Osteoarthritis (OA)? | The most common type of arthritis. AKA Degenerative Joint Disease. |
| What causes Osteoarthritis? | The body's repair process is not able to overcome the loss of cartilage and bone. |
| When is joint pain from OA least present? | Usually after rest, in the morning. Activities should be scheduled then. |
| What are some medical interventions that can treat OA? | NSAID's, topical creams- Capsaicin (Arthricare), Synvisc-One injection into knees, and heating pads and cold packs (not to be used for more than 20 mins). |
| What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)? | A chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease that destroys synovial joints and other connective tissues, including major organs. |
| What is Synovitis? | An inflammation of the synovium (the lining of the joint capsule). |
| What does RA affect? | Any connective tissue including blood vessels, nerves, kidneys, pericardium, lungs and subcutaneous tissue. |
| What can help treat RA? | NSAID's, Corticosteroids, and Disease-modifying Antirheumetic drugs (DMARD's). |
| What is Avascular Necrosis? | A condition in which bone tissue dies (usually the femoral head) as a result of impaired blood supply. |
| What is Arthroplasty? | Joint replacement |
| What is Amputation? | The removal of a body part. |
| What is the main reason for Amputation? | Ischemia from peripheral vascular disease occurring in the older adult. |
| Who is affected most by amputations? | Diabetic patients |
| What is Replantation? | When an amputated or severed extremity (usually fingers) are reattached to the limb site. |
| What is Hemipelvectomy? | Removal through part of the pelvis- is a surgery that is reserved for young patients who have severe trauma or cancer. |
| What is Phantom Pain? | Patients severe pain that distal from the removed body part that arises from the spinal cord and brain. |
| What does a Shrinker Sock do? | Used to decrease swelling and prepare the residual limb for the prosthesis. |
| What is SED Rate? | Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, a measure of the rate of sedimentation of RBC's in an anticoagulated whle blood sample over a specified period of time. |
| What is Zyloprim? | AKA Allopurinol, which is used to treat gout, high levels of uric acid in the body (often caused by certain cancers and cancer treatments), and kidney stones. |
| What is Mobic? | AKA Meloxicam: Mobic is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in adults. |
| What are NSAID's? | Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce inflammation but are not related to steroids which also reduce inflammation. |
| What is Fosomax? | AKA Alendronate:Fosamax is used in women to treat or prevent osteoporosis caused by menopause and in men and women to treat osteoporosis caused by taking steroids. |
| What is Plaquenil? | AKA Hydroxychloroquine: treats rheumatoid arthritis |
| What is Coumadin? | AKA Warfarin: Coumadin is used to treat or prevent blood clots in veins or arteries, which can reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack, or other serious conditions including DVT and PE. |
Created by:
merelisen3
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