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Cellular Regulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | basic unit of life, selectively permeable cell membrane to maintain integrity and survive, membrane allows certain materials in & out, identification marker that it is a cell of a specific individual |
| cytoplasm | watery soup of proteins, nucleic acids, gases, salts, other substances within a cell that are essential to life; must be maintained in balance for cell survival |
| nucleus and nucleolus | brain of the cell, biological "software" that regulates and directs the activities of the organelles in the cell, surrounded by double walled nuclear membrane that has large pores that allow certain materials to pass in and out |
| chromatin | tightly wound into bundles called chromosomes and is the material found in the nucleus that contains DNA |
| DNA | coded instructions (genes) that dertermine the individuals inherited characteristics (hair, eye color; production of every protein needed in the body, |
| RNA | produced by the nucleolus, forms ribosomes |
| centrosomes | are tubular structures usually found in pairs in the nucleus, contain centrioles that are involved in cell division |
| ribosomes | organelles found on the endoplasmic reticulum or floating around in the cytoplasm, made of RNA; assist in production of enzymes and other proteins needed for cell repair and reproduction |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a series of channels formed from folded membranes set up in the cytoplasm; two distinct forms, rough endoplasmic reticulum- like sandpaper,-responsible for synthesis of protein, smooth endoplasmic reticulum- synthesizes lipids and steroids |
| mitochondria | tiny bean shaped organelles act as the cells power plant, provide up to 95% of cells energy that body needs for cellular repair, movement, and reproduction; special enzymes in mitochondria take oxygen and turn it into energy |
| Golgi apparatus | looks like a bunch of flattened membranous sacs, envelops protein received from endoplasmic reticulum, pinches off and moves it to the cell membrane to be released or secreted |
| lysosomes | vesicles containing powerful enzymes that clean up intercellular debris and other waste; aid in maintaining health by destroying unwanted bacteria through phagocytosis |
| genome | all the DNA in a human cell; or the complete set of inheritance for an individual |
| chromosomes | threadlike strands of DNA in the cell that carry genes; each cell carries 23 pairs or chromosomes- one from the mother, one from the father; numbered according to size |
| homologous chromosomes | the 46 inherited chromosomes |
| autosomes | first 22 pairs of chromosomes; are alike in men and women |
| sex chromosomes | 23rd pair, determine gender; daughter two x chromosomes son one x and one y |
| cell cycle | comprises of four phases of cell development |
| mitosis | the process of making new cells takes place in the somatic(tissue) cells; cell division results in two cells, called daughter cells, genetically identical to original cell; heals wounds and replaces the cells lost daily (skin, GI, respiratory) |
| Mitotic activity of the zygote and its daughter cells is the foundation of human growth and development | zygote undergoes mitosis to form a multicellular embryo which develops into an embryo and then an infant |
| meiosis | type of cell division that takes place in the sex cells of the testes and ovaries, and results in the formation of the sperm and oocytes; amount of genetic material is reduced by half; two sex cells combine during fertilization; combination of different g |
| differentiation | normal process occurring over many cell cycles that allows cells to specialize in certain tasks; when adverse conditions occur in body tissues during differentiation, protections occur in body tissues, protective adaptions can produce alterations in the c |
| hyperplasia | an increase in the number or density of normal cells; occurs in response to stress, increased metabolic demands, or elevated hormone levels (uterine cells during pregnancy); under normal DNA control |
| metaplasia | change in the normal pattern of differentiation such that dividing cells differentiate into cells types not normally found at that location in the body; normal for its type but in its normal location; protective response to adverse conditions; under norma |
| dysplasia | loss of DNA control over differentiation in response to adverse conditions; abnormal variations in size, shape, appearance and a disturbance in their usual arrangement -reversible but may lead to malignancy |
| anaplasia | regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type; no longer under DNA control; usually occurs when a damaging or transforming event takes place inside the dividing, still undifferentiated cell, leading to loss of useful function(malignanc |
| cancer | abnormal and rapid growth of body cells that may invade surrounding body tissues and spread to other sites (lethargy, fever, weigh loss) |
| anemia | deficiency of hemoglobin or reduction of number of RBCs that leads to inadequate delivery of oxygen to cells, tissues and organs; may be caused by blood loss, impaired RBC production or excessive destruction (lethargy, dizzy, confusion) |
| leukemia | form of cancer in which abnormal and rapid formation of WBCs lead to circulation of increased numbers of abnormal, immature WBCs (fatigue, pallor, bleeding, recurrent infection, joint or bone pain, weakness) |
| sickle cell disease | inherited alteration of hemoglobin S that results in deformed RBCs (anemia, pain, recurrent infection, growth retardation) |
| polycythemia | abnormal increase in erythrocytes leading to increased blood viscosity (may lead to MI, CVA, HF) |
| Interrelated concepts (Pg. 37 pearson) | advocacy, infection, inflammation, managing care, stress and coping |
| Modifiable risk factors | tobacco use, poor diet, sedentary, Hep B or C, HIV, H. Pylori; UV radiation exposure, cancer treatment, hormone replacement, chemical exposure, high air pollution, radon exposure |
Created by:
melsniv
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