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PN Exam 3 Class #89
Chapters 9-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Growth? | The term for the physical changes that occur in the size of human beings. |
| What is Development? | Refers to the increase in complexity of skills performed by a person. |
| What are 3 Factors that Influence Growth and Development? | 1. Biological and hereditary 2. Environmental 3. Social |
| What are the 3 main Principles of Growth and Development? | 1. Follows an orderly pattern 2. Follows a Cephalocaudal pattern 3. Starts in a Proximal pattern |
| What is an the pattern of growth and development? | Orderly and predictable, all children learn to sit before they walk. |
| What is the Cephalocaudal pattern? | Growth begins at the head ad progresses to the chest and trunk; then, during the second year, the legs begin to grow rapidly. |
| What are the 4 Theories of development? | 1. Physical development 2. Psychological development 3. Cognitive development 4.Moral development |
| What is Physical development? | Refers to the physical size and functioning of a person. |
| What is Psychological development? | Occurs throughout our lives in distinct stages, according to Erikson, a psychoanalyst who pioneered this area: each stage has a specific task to be mastered. |
| What is Cognitive development? | Refers to how we learn. |
| What is Moral development? | The ability to think at higher levels and develop a value system that differentiates right from wrong. |
| What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? | Stage 1. Sensorimotor. Stage 2. Preoperational. Stage 3. Concrete Operational. Stage 4. Formal Operational. |
| What is the Sensorimotor Stage? | From birth to 2 years, concept of cause and effect develops, learning through senses and use of body movement and language. |
| What is the Formal Operational Stage? | 11 years and older, develops ability to analytically solve problems and engage in abstract reasoning. |
| What is the Postconventional Level? | Post adolescence: focuses on behaving according to internal codes and beliefs. Falls under moral development. |
| What is the Intuitive-projective stage of Spiritual Development? | Ages 4-6, Imitates parents' behaviors about religion. |
| What is the Individuating-reflexive stage of Spiritual Development? | 18 years to young adult, referred to as the "demythologizing stage" due to leaving home and developing one's own beliefs. |
| What takes priority when educating in Pediatric care? | Safety is the #1 priority. |
| What are the Stages of Child development according to the book? | Infant: birth-1yr. Toddlers: 1-3yrs. Preschoolers: 3-5yrs. School-age Children: 5-12yrs. Adolescents: 12-19yrs. Early Adults: 19-40yrs. Middle Adults: 40-65yrs. Older Adults: 65yrs and up. |
| What are the physical gains of an Infant in the 1st year? | An infant doubles their birth weight within 6 months and triples their birthweight by 1 year. |
| If a newborn weighs 7lbs and 8onces at birth, what will their weight be at 1 year of age? | 22.5lbs |
| What are Reflexes? | Automatic responses by the central nervous system. |
| What is the Rooting Reflex? | When a baby's cheek is touched, the infant will turn toward the stimulus and open his or her mouth to find milk. |
| How does Cognitive Development in an infant occur? | Through Sensorimotor experiences. |
| What is the best way to give Toddlers options for decision making skills? | Offer options with Limited Choices. |
| If you ask a Toddler to choose from 14 flavors of ice cream, is this an appropriate selection for their stage of development? | No, they need fewer options, such as vanilla, strawberry or chocolate. 14 is too many and can cause the child to feel overwhelmed. |
| When a Toddler throws a "temper tantrum", how should you react? | In a calming manner, attempt to remove the toddler from the current situation and into a quiet place, where you can talk in a calm controlled voice. |
| How do Preschoolers develop a sense of independence? | By being allowed to pretend, role play, and explore their identity in the world. |
| How do Preschoolers often learn about roles and initiative? | Often from adults in various positions, such as nurses, doctors, teachers, police, firefighters, and others who serve as role models. |
| How do young school-age children make the transition into Concrete Operational thought? | For example, by age 7, the child no longer believes that an adult dressed in a mouse costume is a giant mouse. |
| What is Puberty? | The onset of the development of sexual characteristics and functions, occurs between the ages of 11 and 14. |
| What are the differences in development between males and females during puberty? | Females develop menarche, or the beginning of menstrual periods and breast tissue. Males develop facial hair. |
| What is Ambivalence in adolescence? | Having opposing feelings about one's own parents. |
| How may a child react to a diagnostic test, shot or blood draw? | They may react in panic. Speak to this age child in a calm, reassuring voice. Try to distract the child with a toy or book if possible. |
| What are the 3 primary areas of safety for preschoolers and school-age children? | 1. Stranger Danger 2. Playground Safety 3. Water Safety |
| What is key in providing care to a Hospitalized preschooler or school aged child? | Be Honest: If the child asks "will it hurt?" openly reply, "it may sting for just a few seconds". |
| What is Regression? | Returning to an earlier developmental behavior, such as an 8-10yr old crying, clinging to a parent, or throwing a temper tantrum. May occur in school-aged children when they feel threatened by treatments. |
| What are the 3 points in safety when dealing with an Adolescent? | 1. Experimentation 2. Internet and social networking 3.Firearms |
| What are the nursing implications for Hospitalized adolescents? | The peer group is the most important to the teen, so respect their desire for other adolescent visitors. Also, respect their wishes for having a parent present or absent, and ask them what they know about their illness before any patient teaching. |
| What should a nurse do to teach parents about vehicular toddler safety? | Encourage parents to use car seats correctly AND the importance of vigilance (awareness) in areas where toddlers might be playing. |
| What are 4 main Physical changes in the Older Adult? | 1. Urinary 2. Musculoskeletal 3. Neurological 4. Reproductive |
| What is nurses main objective in older adult patient safety? | Always be alert for signs of patient abuse. MUST be reported immediately to a supervisor. |
| What age groups are needing Home Healthcare after discharge from the hospital? | By patients of ALL ages. This is due to shortened hospital stays and needed continued care after discharge. |
| Is addiction a concern during the terminal stages of an illness? | No, it is not. A nurse must teach the patient that it is not something they should worry about. Pain relief for comfort is the primary concern. |
| What is Palliative care? | AKA "comfort care", is health-care provider directed but is not intended to cure the patient's disease. |
| What does palliative care include? | May include advanced, aggressive interventions such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation, however, it is important to understand that these therapies are not performed as lifesaving measures. |
| What is Respite care? | means to make arrangements for provision of care in order that the family members may have a time to get away, rest, and rejuvenate without the strain and worry of continual caregiving. |
| What are the 5 stages of grief? | Stage 1. Denial Stage 2. Anger Stage 3. Bargaining Stage 4. Depression Stage 5. Acceptance |
| What is Anger? | Frustration at the situation; one often asks "Why is this happening to me?" "Why me?" "It's not fair!" |
| What is Bargaining? | Trying to make a deal with a higher power or others around you to have more time. "I promise I'll be a better person IF..." "Just let me live to see my children graduate." "If I could have one more chance." |
| What are Cheyne-stokes respirations? | A breathing pattern if increasing and decreasing depth, often indicating death. |
| What is the "Death Rattle"? | Fluids that accumulate in the throat and trachea, causing a moist rattling sound. This does NOT indicate true respiratory distress for the patient, but it can be very disturbing for the family. |
| What is the focus of nursing during the dying process? | LESS about the diagnostics, vital signs, and laboratory values. MORE about caring, touching, teaching the family, and providing presence (offering self) to the patient and family. The fundamentals that attracted you to nursing in the first place. |
| How can Dehydration add comfort to the comfort of your dying patient? | Less nausea and vomiting in patients, Increased production of endorphins, and Decreased pain perception. |
| What is the last sense to go when someone dies? | Hearing, so be ware of what you say while giving deceased care. |
| How can you offer comfort to someone with Dyspnea? | Implement an electric fan to move the air around the patient. |
| Is a patient likely to come out and say they are dying and would like to talk about the outcome? | No, the patient may almost talk in code about it. You must be an active listener and offer presence and support. |
| What s Postmortem care? | Care provided after the patient's death. |
| What is Holism? | The relationships among all living things. |
| What is Integrative Health Care? | The use of Western medicine and CAM in a coordinated way. |
| What is Allopathic Medicine? | Describes traditional medicine, conventional medicine, or western medicine. Most often used for Western Medicine, Allopathic refers to the treatment of disease by creating an environment that is antagonistic to the disease. |
| In what ways has research shown Acupuncture to be beneficial to ones health? | 1. Lower back pain 2. Neck pain 3. Migraine and tension headaches 4. Carpal tunnel syndrome ***5. Reduces chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients*** |
| What did Dean Ornish accomplish in his studies? | Showed how patient's could reverse heart disease without drugs or surgery. Accomplished by drastically changing food intake and lifestyle of people with severe coronary artery disease. |
| What is Meditation? | A form of CAM in which the mind is focused on an object of thought awareness. Usually involves turning attention to a single point of reference. Used to promote physical and mental well-being. |
| What is Biofeedback? | A form of CAM in which monitoring devices are used to help a person become aware of changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle contractions so that they can be controlled using deep breathing and intentional relaxation. |
| What are the VAK learning styles? | 1. Visual learning- by sight/ reading 2. Auditory learning- by listening/ speaking 3. Kinesthetic learning- by doing/ interactive touch |
| What is Learning? | When it occurs, behavior changes. |
| Is it acceptable to use a family member to translate for a patient that does not speak English as a first language? | No, it is always best to use a professional or certified interpreter instead. Plan ahead to make the proper arrangements. |
| What is imperative with regard to Language? | Patients cannot learn if the teaching is not provided in a language that they understand. When in doubt, ALWAYS arrange for an interpreter. |
| What is important to remember when teaching patients who have Visual Impairments? | Use large-print handouts. |
| The most important teachable moments focus on? | Medication administration: the reasons for the medication(s), possible side effects, and when to report side effects. |
| What is "Deficient Knowledge" with descriptors? | Used when the patient is lacking knowledge about the disease process or management of the disease, including diagnostic testing, medications and treatment. |
| What is implementation teaching in nursing? | When you sit down with your patient or patients and present the info. in your teaching plan. |
| what is the best way to teach Elderly patients? | Repetition, without frustration. They take longer to learn new things. |
| What age patients are at highest risk for entrapment? | Older, frail adults who experience confusion, pain, fecal impaction, and urinary retention. |
| On a fall assessment rating scale what how do the numbers coincide with risk? | The higher the number, the greater the patient's risk. |
| Greater than 50 on a fall assessment rating scale means what? | The patient is on Strict fall risk interventions (level 3) |
| What are the biological and hereditary factors affecting growth and development? | Include physical and mental impairments that may delay or prevent a person from completing developmental tasks or growth benchmarks. |
| Is delegation allowed to a CNA or UAP for restraint checks and releases of a patient? | Yes, however, you need to supervise your assistant by following up to ensure that checks areindeed being done and being documented. |
| What does the R in the acronym RACE stand for? | Rescue: remove patients from immediate danger to a safer area of the hospital. |
| What does the P in the acronym stand for? | Pull the pin found between the handles. |
| What is a type B fire extinguisher used for? | Combustible liquids: such as oil, gasoline and other petrolium-based products and flammable gases. |
| Before completing post-mortem care, what must an individual be aware of? | Weather or not an Autopsy is required, going to be preformed. |
| What are the rules regarding safety during oxygen use? | No one can smoke, burn candles, or use an open flame heater in the same room as O2. Patients should not use wool blankets or clothing either, or electrical appliances such as shavers. |
| What is your first response to finding a patient who is unresponsive? | You must alert the emergency response team, often announced as a"Code Blue". |
| What is a major concern with bacteria that leave their normal place in the body and migrate to a new organ (such as the bladder)? | That they will cause an infection in the migrated organ (such as intestinal bacteria migrating into the bladder, causing a bladder infection). |
| What are Pathogens? | Microorganisms that cause infection in humans. |
| What are normal Flora and Fauna? | Microorganisms or tiny plants and animals normally found in the human body. |
| What are Vectors? | The spread of bacteria called Rickettsia, through the bites of insects. |
| What do some individuals get upset about when seeking treatment for illness? | They may have a virus and not understand that a perscribed antibiotic will not help cure them or help them feel better by taking one. |
| Are antibiotics effective in treating a virus? | No, they are not. The only medicines that help defend against specific virus' are antiviral meds. |
| How is Lyme disease, an illness transmitted by deer tick bites that mimics the flu, treated? | By antibiotics. |
| How is Rocky Mountain spotted fever, an illness spread by ticks that can lead to death, treated? | By antibiotics. |
| What are the 3 Primary Defenses your body uses to protect against infection? | 1. Skin: intact skin, protective later. 2. Mucous Membranes: produce sticky mucus that trap invading pathogens. 3. Gastrointestinal System: enzymes throughout the gastro. system kill various microbes. |
| How does an elevated fever help the body fight off pathogens? | It creates an environment too hostile for the pathogen to survive, often a temp of 101 or higher is enough to defend against disease. |
| What are Standard Precautions? | A group of safety measures performed to prevent the transmission of pathogens found in the blood and body fluids. |
| What is Medical Asepsis? | AKA "Clean Technique", refers to practices performed to prevent the spread of infection. |
| The 2 most important factors in providing Medical Asepsis are? | 1. Proper hand hygiene, washing hands or using sanitizer. 2. Wearing gloves during care. |
| How does a nurse perform proper Hand Hygiene? | Wash the hands for at least 20 seconds, using soap and water or use antibacterial hand gel unless hands are visibly soiled. |
| What is Direct Contact? | The most common path of microorganism transmission, spreads directly from one person to another |
| What is Indirect Contact? | Occurs when microorganisms leave one person (reservoir) and contaminate an object (mode of transmission) that is then used on another patient (susceptible host). |
| What must a nurse remember when putting on a mask or N95 respirator? | Do NOT bring the lower ties above the head! This causes gaps that can allow harmful contaminants to enter underneath. |
Created by:
merelisen3
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