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Chemistry Final
| Questio | Answer |
|---|---|
| Everything we see is made up of _________, which is defined as anything that has _____ and takes up space | matter; mass |
| Your text defines chemistry as the study of matter and the _______ it undergoes. | changes |
| Sometimes chemists do research just to obtain new knowledge: This kind of science is called ____ _______. Most research done by drug companies is done to develop new drugs: This kind of science is called _______ _______. | pure science; applied science |
| All scientific research involves the __________ ______, which is a systematic approach to solving problems in science, but may have slight variations in mehtods | scientific method |
| Observations made by scientists often involve measuring and counting things. These types of observations are ____________. If, however, Bob notes that Hank's hair is blue today, Bob has made a ___________ observation. | quantitative; qualitative |
| An experiment is a way to test a __________. | hypothesis |
| In an experiment, the scientist is in control of the ___________ variable and measures the effect it has on the _________ variable. | independent; dependent |
| Mass is measured in units called _________, while weight is a force cause by _______ acting on a mass and is measured in Newtons. | kilogram; gravity |
| All matter is either a pure substance, also known as a ________, or a mixture of chemicals. | chemical |
| A chemical, or pure substance, can be either an _______ or a _________. | element; compound |
| The SI unit used for temperature is ______. | kelvin |
| __________ ________ is a system used to express numbers using significant digits and a power of ten. | scientific notation |
| SI has just seven _____ ______, based on physical objects or phenomena. | base units |
| _______ _____ are units made by combining two or more base units. | derived units |
| The number 100.00 has _ significant figures. | 5 |
| A gram has ___ centigrams. | 100 |
| There are _______ meters in a megameter. | 1,000,000 |
| An atom is the smallest particle of an ________ that retains all the properties of that element. | element |
| The _______ _______ is the number of protons an atom of an element has, and is equal to the number of electrons it has. | atomic number |
| An atom must have the same number of protons and electrons in order to make the overall charge ________, like the charge of a neutron. | neutral |
| _______ is given credit for discovering the electron using the cathode ray tube. | Thomson |
| An atom's neutrons, as well as its protons, must be considered when finding the atom's ____ ______, which is given in units called amu's | mass number |
| Atoms of an element with different masses due to varying numbers of ________ are called isotopes. | neutrons |
| Carbon-14is an isotope of (what element) ______ with _ neutrons. | carbon; 8 |
| Sometimes substances spontaneously emit radiation in a process called ___________ _____. | radioactive decay |
| Alpha or beta radiation results in changes to an atom's _______, so these changes are called nuclear changes. | nucleus |
| ________ radiation happens when a neutron turns into a proton and emits an electron. | Beta |
| _____ radiation happens when a nucleus emits two protons and two neutrons, which is a particle identical to a _____ nucleus. | alpha; radioactive |
| X-rays , radio waves, visible light waves, and gamma rays are all part of the ______________ spectrum. | electromagnetic |
| When compared with gamma rays, visible light waves have a lower ________ and a higher wavelength. | frequency |
| Solar panels work because when photons of a certain energy strike certain metals, electrons may be emitted. This phenomenon is known as the ___________ ________. | photoelectric effect |
| A _______ is a particle of light or other electromagnetic radiation that has no mass. It carries energy. | photon |
| Each element gives off its own set of frequencies when its _______ are excited. | electrons |
| The set of frequencies given off by an elements are its atomic emission spectrum, which is often referred to as its ____ ________, because the bands of colors in evidence are vertical lines within the range of visible light frequencies. | line spectrum |
| The ___________ of a wave is the distance from one wave crest to the next. | wavelength |
| When an atom receives energy, some of its electrons may jump higher energy levels, putting the atom into an __________ state. | excited |
| The behavior of an atom is determined by its _________ arrangement. | electron |
| When all of an atom's electrons are at the lowest energy level possible, the atom is in its ______ ______. | ground state |
| The electrons in an atoms outer energy level (outermost orbitals) are known as _________ __________. | valence electrons |
| Elements in the same family have the same number of _______ ________. | valence electrons |
| Another name for family on the periodic table of elements is ______. | group |
| On the periodic table, elements are arranged in horizontal rows, called _______. | periods |
| When we arrange elements by an increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties. This is a statement of the _________ _____. | periodic law |
| ________ is the scientist credited with arranging elements by atomic number, rather than mass. | Moseley |
| Elements which are neither entirely metal but are also nonmetals are called __________. | metalloids |
| The elements in group 7A are known as the _________. | halogens |
| The elements in group 2A are known as the _______ ______ ________. | alkaline earth metals |
| The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom, turning into a positive ion, is its _________ _______. | ionization energy |
| It is very easy to remove an electron from any element in the family known as _________ _______, as they have just a single election on their outer energy level. | alkali metals |
| The atoms ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond is known as _____________. | electronegativity |
| Atomic radii tend to _________ across a period (left to right). | decrease |
| Cobalt, technetium, silver, and tungsten are all classified as __________ __________. | transition elements |
| A charged particle that is made of just one kind of atom is a ________ ____, while an ion made of more than one atom is a __________ _____ | monatomic ion; polyatomic ion |
| When a cation is joined to an anion by electrostatic forces, a(n) _______ bond is formed, | ionic |
| Ionic compounds have their particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern called a _______ _________. | crystal lattice |
| Atoms form ions in order to gain a complete _____ of valence electrons. They do this by gaining or ________ electrons. | octet; losing |
| Another name for the change formed by an atom of any element is the _________ number. _________ elements may have more than one oxidation number, so the names of ionic compounds with transition elements must have Roman numerals. | oxidation; Transition |
| Ions combine in whatever ratio is required to make the overall charge of the compound _______. | neutral |
| If barium is combined with chlorine, there will be ____ barium ion(s) for every ____ chloride ion(s). | one; two |
| When we name an ionic compound, the _______ is named first. | cation |
| Calcium becomes an ion by losing two valence electrons; therefore, a calcium ion has a ________ charge. | 2+ |
| When ionic compounds are dissolved in water they form ________, meaning that these solutions can conduct an electrical current. | electrolytes |
| An atoms ability to attract extra electrons (as in to form an ion) is known as _______________. | electronegativity |
| An acid is formed when a compound containing the element _______ dissolves in water, giving off H+ ions. | hydrogen |
| The theory that explains how a molecule's shape is determined by the repulsion of its electron pairs is known as ________ theory | VSEPR |
| The nature of a chemical bond (whether it's ionic, polar covalent, or non polar covalent) is determined by the difference in __________ between the two atoms bonding. | electronegativity |
| Unequal sharing of electrons results in a _____ ______ bond. | polar covalent |
| A compound formed of molecules each containing one carbon atom and one oxygen atom is called ________ ________. | carbon monoxide |
| Dicarbon heptahydride is a compound whose molecules each contain ____ carbon atoms and _____ hydrogen atoms | two; seven |
| Two factors must be considered in determining if a molecule is polar; the nature of each _____ in the molecule, and the _______ of the molecule. | bond; shape |
| The molecule shape which is formed when a central atom bonds to four other atoms is called _____________. | tetrahedral |
| An acid made from just two elements is a _________ _____. | binary acid |
| Elements which form molecules which consist of two of the atoms of that element are known as _______, and can be remembered by the "rule of gens". | diatomic |
| If a nitrogen atom bonds with another nitrogen atom, the resulting N2 molecule will have a ________ covalent bond. | triple |
| A+B=AB | synthesis |
| AB=A+B | decomposition |
| AB+C=AC+B | single replacement |
| AB+CD=AD+CB | double replacement |
| hydrocarbon+O2=H2O+CO2 | combustion |
Created by:
Cy young
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