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Midterm Review
NoS, Rocks & Minerals, Weathering, Erosion & Deposition and Plate Tectonics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When should you use a field study? | When something has to be studied in its natural setting. |
| When should a scientist choose to conduct a controlled experiment? | When specific measurements and a control are needed to find the answer to a question. |
| Describe when scientific knowledge was gained even though a hypothesis was not supported. | By examining data, even if it did not support the original hypothesis, it can lead to a new hypothesis. |
| Identify the benefits and limitations of models | Benefit-Models can demonstrate how something works. Limitation-It may not be the actual size or the exact materials. |
| List different examples of models | Mathematical equations, computer simulations, maps, globes, etc. |
| How does a mathematical model help you understand science concepts? | Mathematical models can be helpful in identifying patterns in data which can help scientists make predictions. |
| Explain why the Law of Superposition is referred to as relative dating. | The law of superposition is the principle that states younger rocks lie above older rocks, in undisturbed layers of rock. It's referred to as relative dating because a rock's age is determined by the rocks around it. |
| Why is radiometric dating referred to as absolute dating? | Radiometric dating is used to determine the age of a rock by measuring the percentages of radioactive parent isotopes stable daughter isotopes. It is a more exact method for measuring the age of a rock. |
| How do we learn about Earth's history? | Fossils give info about changes in the environment and lifeforms. Sedimentary rock gives info about geological history, jagged mountains are younger than smaller, worn mountains. Tree rings, sea floor sediment and ice core samples. |
| What Earth systems occur on Earth's surface to make and destroy rocks? | Weathering, erosion and deposition become sedimentary rocks eventually. Metamorphic-heat and pressure Igneous-heating and cooling |
| What are the three classes of rock? | Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic |
| Define weathering, erosion and deposition: | Weathering-BREAKING down of rocks by chemical or physical means into smaller sediments Erosion,-TAKING movement of sediments by water, wind, ice or gravity Deposition-depositing , LAYING DOWN or sediments coming to rest in a new location. |
| What is the difference between chemical and physical weathering? | Chemical weathering breaks the bonds of minerals and changes the chemical composition of the rocks Physical weathering changes the shape and size of rocks |
| How is it possible that a stream or river can create so many landforms? | A stream forms as water erodes soil and rock and creates a channel. As the stream continues to erode rock and soil, the channel gets deeper and wider. Over time canyons, valleys, meanders, oxbow lakes, floodplains and deltas can form. |
| Identify and describe how volcanoes can form not only near the boundary of plates, but also in the middle of a crustal plate. | Hot spots can form within the hottest part of the mantle-a mantle plume |
| Review the process of mantle convection. | As atoms in the Earth's core and mantle undergo radioactive decay, energy is released as heat. This hot, less dense mantle rises toward the cooler crust. As the mantle cools it becomes denser and sinks back down where it circulates back to heat up again. |
| Identify what features could form due to movement of tectonic plates. | Tectonic plates float on the surface of the churning mantle, which results in plates moving. Ocean basins, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, faults, mountains and volcanoes can form from tectonic plate movement. |
| What is the independent variable? | The variable INTENTIONALLY changed by the experimenter. |
| What is the dependent variable? | The variable being measured or observed in a controlled experiment. What you are collecting DATA on. |
| Define constant. | The thing that stays the same (does not vary) |
| Define control. | A subject taking part in an experiment that is not involved in the procedures affecting the rest of the experiment. (CONTROL FREAK-Keeps things normal) |
| What is replication versus repetition? | Replication occurs when an investigation is repeated by a different person in order to see if similar results can be obtained. Repetition refers to multiple trials of the same investigation by the same person. |
| Why are scientific investigations replicated? | Replication provides support to an investigation so that the results are more likely to be accepted in the scientific community. |
| What is the difference between an experiment and making observations? | An experiment is a way to gather data/scientific knowledge through a controlled plan. An observation is a way to gather information in an uncontrolled, natural environment. |
| Why do scientists collaborate to share ideas? | Researchers need to collaborate to complement their knowledge/skills, access special equipment and expand data that they can publish. |
| What are the three compositional layers of Earth? | Crust, Mantle and Core |
| What are the five physical layers of the Earth? | Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mantle (Mesosphere), Outer Core, Inner Core |
| Which of the Earth's compositional layers makes up each physical layer? | Lithosphere- crust Lower-Listhosphere- mantle Asthenosphere- mantle Mantle(Mesosphere)-mantle Outer Core-core Inner Core-core |
| Describe a tectonic plate. | Lithosphere divided in pieces called tectonic plates, move around on the asthenosphere. Plates move at different speeds in different directions. The continents are located on plates and move with them. Can contain both continental and/or oceanic crust. |
| List the evidence that supports continental drift. | Continents fit like puzzle pieces Similar fossils found on continents separated by oceans Mountain and rock formations that are the same age and type Same ancient climate conditions on several continents |
| Why would convergent boundaries around the Pacific Ocean be called the Ring of Fire? | Many of the convergent boundaries in this ring are where oceanic plates subduct. Explosive volcanoes form over these subduction zones and produce violent eruptions. These explosive volcanoes form a ring. |
| Relative Dating | Gives the age of an object compared to another object- older, younger, before, after |
| Absolute Dating | More specific, actual age of an object- year, time period, etc. |
| Metamorphic Rock | Created by very high HEAT and PRESSURE deep in Earth's crust. |
| Igneous Rock | Created by MELTING and COOLING of magma or lava. |
| Sedimentary Rock | Created by WEATHERING, EROSION, DEPOSITION, COMPACTION and CEMENTATION |
| Extrusive or Extrusion | EX-out- Cooled lava |
| Intrusive or Intrusion | IN-in- Cooled magma |
| Deforestation | Cutting down trees-exposes soil to erosion which can lead to desertification. |
| Urbanization | Removing natural areas to build cities, structures, road, etc. |
| How can livestock (animals) lead to desertification? | Too many animals (and over farming) are put in natural areas where they eat all of the grass leaving the soil bare which leads to wind and water erosion and desert-like conditions. |
| Air Quality | Contamination of the atmosphere by pollutant s from human or natural (cow farts-methane) lead to smog, acid rain and global warming. |
| Water Quality | The contamination of water supply by pollutants from human activity- fertilizer runoff from farms, acid rain, power plants, etc. |
| Changing Flow of Water | Humans have changed the natural flow of water by building dams, canals and by pumping water from underground aquifers which changes natural habitats for animals. |
| How are sand dunes formed? | Sand deposited by wind. |
| Lithosphere | Crust |
| Examples of Physical Weathering: | Ice/frost wedging, animal action, abrasion by wind, water or gravity, root wedging |
| Examples of Chemical Weathering: | Oxidation (Think Statue of Liberty or rust), acid rain (precipitation), plant acids, such as lichens |
| Types of Erosion: | Waves, wind, river water, glaciers and gravity |
| Types of Deposition: | Sand dunes, floodplains, river deltas, shorelines, |
| Why do liquids and gases convect? | Cooler, more dense material sinks and hotter, less dense material rises. |
| Divergent Plate Boundary | DIVIDING <- -> creates mid-ocean ridges, underwater mountains and volcanoes and rift valleys. |
| Convergent Plate Boundary | COLLIDING -><- creates earthquakes, mountain ranges, and trenches |
| Subduction Zone @ a Convergent Boundary | Subducts (goes below) creates volcanic mountain ranges & earthquakes- Ring of Fire |
| Transform Plate Boundary | SLIDING- sometimes called the slip boundary- creates Earthquakes and leads to faults on Earth's surface- San Andreas Fault. |
Created by:
Demes Earth Science
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