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Chapter 18 The Heart
Anatomy Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The pulmonary circuit does what? | takes blood to and from the lungs |
| The systemic circuit does what? | the vessels transport blood to and from body tissues |
| What does the atria do? | receive blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits |
| What are the ventricles? | the pumping chambers of the heart |
| What side of the heart is the pulmonary pump? What does the pulmonary pump do? | 1. Right side of the heart 2. propels oxygen- poor blood to the lungs |
| Where is the superior right corner of the heart? | 3rd costal cartilage at sternum |
| Where is the superior left corner of the heart? | 2nd costal cartilage lateral to sternum |
| Where is the inferior right corner of the heart? | 6th costal cartilage lateral to the sternum |
| Where is the inferior left corner of the heart? | 5th intercostal space midclavicular line |
| What is the largest organ in the mediastinum? | the heart |
| What are the structures in the mediastinum? | heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and many large blood and lymphatic vessels, all surrounded by loose connective tissue and fat |
| Where is the heart in the mediastinum? | -located between the lungs -lies directly behind the sternum and costal cartilages |
| What is the pericardium? | "around the heart" 3-layer sac |
| What are the two types of Pericardium? | 1. Fibrous pericardium 2. Serous pericardium |
| What is the fibrous pericardium? | -outer layer -strong layer of dense connective tissue -adheres to diaphragm inferiorly and to the great vessels superiorly |
| How many layers is the serous pericardium formed from? | two |
| What is the serous pericardium? | -Parietal layer adheres to fibrous pericardium -Visceral layer adheres to the heart |
| The pericardial cavity lies between _______ and _______ layers. | parietal; visceral |
| Epicardium is the same thing as what? | visceral pericardium |
| What are the layers of the heart? (in order outside to inside) | 1. Fibrous pericardium 2. Parietal layer of serous pericardium 3. Pericardial cavity 4. Parietal layer of serous pericardium |
| What does endocardium do? | lines the heart chambers and makes up the heart valves |
| What are the two internal divisions of the heart chambers? | 1. Atria and Ventricles 2. Interatrial and interventricular septa |
| Where are the atrias located of heart chambers? | atrias are superiorly located |
| Where are the ventricles located of heart chambers? | ventricles are inferiorly located |
| What are the interatrial and interventricular septa? | the walls between the atria and ventricles |
| Each heart valve is composed of what? | endocardium with connective tissue core |
| Where are the atrioventricular (AV) valves? | between atria and ventricles |
| What is the atrioventricular (AV) valve located between the Right Atrium (RA) and Right Ventricle (RV)? | Tricuspid |
| What is the atrioventricular (AV) valve located between the Left Atrium (LA) and Left Ventricle (LV) | Mitral (bicuspid) |
| Where are the aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar)? | at the junction of ventricles and great arteries |
| The heart valves ensure what? | one-way blood flow |
| Valves open and close in response to what? | differences in blood pressure on each side of the valves |
| What is the function of the Atrioventricular valves when the ventricles are RELAXED? | the valves are forced open by the blood pressure on their atrial side as blood fills atria |
| What is the function of the Atrioventricular valves when the ventricles are CONTRACTED? | they force the contained blood superiorly thus pushing the valves shut |
| What is function of Semilunar valves during ventricular CONTRACTION? | valves are pushed open against artery walls |
| What is function of Semilunar when valves are RELAXED? | backflow blood closes the valves |
| What is a heartbeat? | single sequence of atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction |
| How many times does heart beat per minute | 70-80 times per minute |
| What is the contraction of the heart chamber called? | Systole |
| What is the expansion or time when a heart chamber is relaxing and filling with blood | Diastole |
| What are heart sounds made by? | turbulence of blood flow created by the closure of the valves |
| The sound of valves closing is called what? | "Lubb-dup" |
| What does the first sound of valves closing "lubb"mean? | The AV valves are closing |
| What does the second sound of valves closing "dup" mean? | the semilunar valves closing |
| What is called when you listen to the sounds of the body (with a stethoscope)? | Auscultation |
| What surrounds all four valves of the heart? | fibrous skeleton |
| Where does the fibrous skeleton extend into? | interventricular septum |
| What is the fibrous skeleton composed of? | dense connective tissue |
| What are the functions of the Fibrous skeleton of the heart? | 1. Point of attachment for cardiac muscle 2. Anchors valve cusps and prevents overdilation of valve openings 3. Blocks direct spread of electrical impulses between atria and ventricles |
| What controls heart rate and strength of contraction | ANS |
| What three things do the Parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve do (CNX)? | 1. slow the heart rate 2. decrease the force of the heartbeat 3. constrict coronary vessels |
| What three things do the Sympathetic fibers do? | 1. increase the heart rate 2. increase the force of the heartbeat 3. dilates coronary vessels |
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