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Apologia Chem M 2

Atoms and Molecules

QuestionAnswer
continuous theory of matter the idea that the matter inside a substance was continuous, that it could be dividing in half over and over again and remain identical to the original substance
Democritus Greek philosopher, 4 centuries before Christ, noticed that sand looked continuous from a distance but was really made up of hundreds of thousands of individual particles, proposed the discontinuous theory of matter
discontinuous theory of matter argues that matter is composed of tiny individual particles like grains of sand; man's first attempt to think in terms of atoms
Antoine Lavoisier late 1700s, considered by some to be the founder of chemistry, developed the law of mass conservation
The Law of Mass Conservation Matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms.
qualitative measurements don't need a precise amount
quantitative measurements when chemists make measurements as exactly as possible
decomposition the process by which a substance is broken down into its constituent elements
element any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components
periodic table f elements a compilation of the most important information about each element into a tabular form
metals usually malleable, have luster, and are able to conduct electricity; on the left of the jagged line on the Periodic Table
nonmetals typically brittle, lack luster, and do not conduct electricity; appear to the right of the jagged line on the Periodic Table
Even though hydrogen is left of the jagged line, it is always considered a nonmetal.
metalloids have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals
compounds substances that can be decomposed into elements by chemical means
the law of definite proportions The proportion of elements in any compound is always the same
the law of multiple proportions If 2 elements combine to form different compounds, the ratio of masses of the second element that react with a fixed mass of the first element will be a simple, whole-number ratio
John Dalton English, Christian chemist, physicist, and meteorologist, 1766-1844, best known for the development of atomic theory; Father of Modern Chemistry
molecules more than one atom bonded together to form a compound
If a substance consists of identical atoms, then it is called an element.
If a substance consists of identical molecules, then it is called a compound.
The letters in the abbreviation for a compound come from the atoms which make up the molecule.
If a number should exist in an abbreviation but is not written down, then it is assumed to be one.
ionic compound contains at least 1 metal atom and at least 1 nonmetal atom; when dissolved in water, it conducts electricity
covalent compound is made up solely of nonmetal atoms; when dissolved in water, it does not conduct electricity
There are exceptions to nearly every rule in chemistry.
To name an ionic compound, the first step is: start with the name of the first atom in the molecule.
To name an ionic compound, the second step is: replace the name of the next atom in the molecule with its -ide name.
To name an ionic compound, the third step is: to put the two names together.
Naming covalent compounds is more complicated than naming ionic compounds.
With a covalent compound, we add prefixes in front of the name of each atom in the compound, to state the number of atoms of each molecule.
mono- one
di- two
tri- three
tetra- four
penta- five
hexa- 6
hepta- 7
octa- 8
nona- 9
deca- 10
If the prefix used on the first atom in a covalent compound is mono-, we drop it.
We drop the mono-prefix only if it is on the first atom in the molecule.
pure substance a substance that contains only one element or compound
mixture a substance that contains different compounds and/or elements
The individual components in a mixture can be physically separated based on their individual properties.
Mixtures can be physically separated into their individual components.
Pure substances must be decomposed before their individual components can be physically separated.
homogeneous mixture a mixture with a composition that is always the same no matter what part of the sample is observed
heterogeneous mixture a mixture with a composition that is different depending on what part of the sample is observed
Created by: MrsHough
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