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Immunology2!
UCI Gutman
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how do T-cells kill other cells | perforin puts holes in cell membranes and granzyme causes apoptosis; class-I restricted recognition assures bystander cells are not killed |
| Th1 cells do what | promote inflammatory rxns |
| Th2 cells do what | help B cells in generating humoral immunity |
| how to NK cells determine who to kill | low levels of MHC-I or abnormal carbohydrates |
| LGL | large granular lymphocytes of which NK cells are a part; lack TCR/CD3 and Ig on surface so they are not T-cells or B-cells |
| ADCC | anti-body dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; NK cells, macrophages, and neutrophils have Fc receptors on their surface and can then kill cells to which antibody is attached; this is a way in which non-specific cells can kill specifically |
| bare lymphocyte syndrome | absence of MHC-II; repeated severe infections; autosomal recessive; CD4 T-cell lymphopenia (some MHC I reduction); hypogammaglobulinemia; deficient antibody responses; give hemopoietic stem cell transplant |
| T cells involved in graft rejection | Th1/Tc |
| T cells involved in resistence to certain infectious diseases | Th1/Tc |
| T cells involved in DTH skin reaction | Th1/Macrophages |
| T cells involved in GvH | Th1/Tc |
| T cells involved in contact dermatitis | Th1/Tc |
| T cells involved in mixed lymphocyte rxn | Th1 |
| HLA haplotypes and their linkage | B, C, A; they are closely linked so crossing over is rare |
| what does CD-4 bind to | class II |
| CD-3 | specific marker for T-cells from APC class II complex (it's the mechanism by which the signal is sent) |
| MHC-restriction or MHC-associated recognition | the fact that in order to kill, Tc cells must recognize the antigen as well as “self” through antigen peptide presentation on an MHC molecule |
| three cell types needed for CMI induction | effector cell (Tc), accessory cell (APC), and a helper cell (Th1) |
| MHC class I comes from | endogenous protein |
| MHC class II comes from | exogenous protein |
| what kind of cell expresses class I | target cell |
| what kind of cell expresses class II | APC |
| class I interaction results in what | Tc cell is stimulated to express IL-2 receptors |
| class II interaction results in what | Th1-cell is triggered to secrete IL-2 |
| IL-2/Tc interaction | Tc produces the receptor and B-cell produces IL-2; however, the Tc can sometimes secrete its own IL-2 to activate itself |
| autocrine | Tc can produce some IL-2 to activate itself |
| Th1 cell connection to APC | CD-4 and CD-28 on the Th1 cell connect to MHC II and B-7 on the APC cell respectively |
| Th2 activity upon class II presentation | produces IL-4 which stimulates B-cell differentiation into an antibody-producing cell |
| What do Td cells secrete upon class II activation | MCF/MIF and IFN-gamma |
| MCF/MIF | macrophage chemotactic factors produced by Td cells (a subset of Th1 cells) |
| Td cells do what | recruit macrophages, produce cytokines that result in an inflammatory response; responsible for dermititis or tuberculin response |
| IFN-gamma does what | activates macrophages (it's secreted by Td cells) |
| what type of T cells are antigen specific cells | Th cells |
| do all cells | |
| bare lymphocyte syndrome | cells that lack a functional TAP transporter express few if any class I molecules on their surface because they can't transport the peptides to the cell's surface |
| how do superantigens work | bind to both the TcR and MHC II without any specificity resulting in activation of the Tc (up to 20% of the body's T-cells) |
| examples of superantigens | TSST-1, staphylococcal enterotoxins, strep, MAS |
| Ir genes stand for what and why are they important | immune response genes code helper T-cells for certain antigens; if the gene is missing, a certain antigen will elicit no response in a host that is normally immunocompetent |
| what is the listeria model | a macrophage with live listeria bacteria inside of it will kill the listeria once the macrophage is activated by a Th1 cell (which releases IFN-gamma) |
| how can immune resistence to listeria be transferred | using lymphocytes but not macrophages since activated macrophages are short-lived |
| MHC I structure | 3 alphas, 1 beta |
| MHC II structure | 2 alphas, 2 betas |
| TcR structure | Constant alpha, constant beta, variable alpha, variable beta |
| class I and class II crossover | Class I can be released, endocytosed and made into class II; class II can be taken up and turned into class I |
| roll of gap junctions in antigen presentation | virus peptide can cross between cells through gap junctions, called cross presentation |
| large granular lymphocytes refers to what | NK cells |
| pfc | plaque forming cell |
| thymus dependent antigens | most protein antigens and most cell surface antigens (usually glycoproteins) |
| thymus independent antigens | polysaccharides with highly repetitive antigenic determinants |
| Th1 family | Td and Ta; Ta= T-amplifier; Ta stimulates Tc production |
| CD3 is found on what cells | all T cells |
| mitogens | any substance which stimulates a non-cycling cell to undergo mitosis (part of the lectin group) |
| concanavalin A | a lectin (mitogen) which selectively stimulates T-cells to divide in humans and mice |
| pokeweed mitogen | a mitogen for rodent B-cells |
| dth | delayed type hypersensitivity which is the defining characteristic of Td |
| which types of cells adhere to glass or plastic and are relatively resistant to ionizing radiation | macrophages/monocytes (and granulocytes) |
| vaccine type for polio | killed virus |
| vaccine type for MMR | attenuated virus |
| vaccine type for diphtheria | toxoid |
| vaccine type for pertussis | killed bacteria |
| vaccine type for tetanus | toxoid |
| vaccine type for hepatitis B | purified protein |
| vaccine type for influenza | killed virus (injected), attenuated virus in nasal mist |
| vaccine type for smallpox | live virus |
| gell and coombs type I | immediate hypersensitivity; IgE mediated |
| gell and coombs type II | antibody binding to membrane-bound antigen causing complement-mediated cytotoxicity or opsonization/inflammation (often found as hymolytic anemia, hymolytic disease of the newborn and some drug reactions |
| gell and coombs type III | antibody binds to soluble antigens to form immune complexes causing immune complex disease |
| gell and coombs type IV | cell-mediated rxns. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH); PPD test for tuberculin is an example |
| DTH | synonym for cell mediated immunity (stands for delayed type hypersensitivity) |
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