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CM- Urinalysis
Urinalysis
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Liquid Excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea | Urine |
Location of urine production; storage | Kidney; Urinary Bladder |
Detects and measures several substances in urine | Urinalysis |
Checking of the appearance and color of the urine | gross examination |
Urinalysis should be performed within ______ minutes of collecting the sample. | 15 |
Optimal temperature for refrigeration of Urine | 2-8 degrees |
Pathologic Causes of clear urine | Drinking more than the daily recommended amount of water |
Pathologic causes of Cloudy Urine | Phosphaturia Pyuria Chyluria Liduria hyperoxaluria |
Food or Drug cause of Cloudy urine | Diet high in purine rich foods Hyperuricosuria |
Pathologic cause of red or pink urine | Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, porphyria |
Food or drug cause of red or pink urine | Fruits with naturally deep pink or magenta pigments Beets (anthocyanin) |
Pathologic cause of blue or green urine | Pseudomonal UTI, biliverdin |
Food or drug cause of blue or green urine | Amitriptyline (Elavil), indigo carmine, IV cimetidine (Tagamet), IV promethazine (Phenergan), methylene blue, triamterene (Dyrenium). Food coloring. |
What does brown to dark brown urine or orange urine indicate? | Dehydration |
Pathologic cause of brown to dark brown urine | Porphyria Indicates liver disease |
Food or drug cause of brown to dark brown urine | Side effect of metronidazole, chloroquine, antimalarial agents Large amounts of Rhubarb, aloe, or fava beans |
Pathologic cause of orange urine | Bile pigments |
Food or drug cause of orange urine | phenothiazines, phenazopyridine (Pyridium) |
Pathologic cause of yellow to amber urine | Concentrated urine |
Food or drug cause of yellow to amber urine | Carrots cascara |
Involves placing papers that contain small pads of chemicals into the urine sample | Urine dipstick tests |
Component of dipstick test that indicates the amount of acid in urine | Acidity/ pH |
Abnormal pH levels indicate _______ | UTI |
Dipstick test that shows the amount of particles present in urine per unit volume | Specific Gravity Concentration |
Higher than normal urine concentration indicates what | Dehydration or not drinking enough fluids |
Large amounts of protein might indicate problems in the A) liver B) kidney C) both D) neither | B) kidney |
T/F there is normally a low amount of glucose in urine | True |
Ketones in urine can be a sign of what disease? | Diabetes |
Product of RBC breakdown | bilirubin |
Bilirubin in urine can indicate what | liver damage or liver disease |
Nitrites or leukocyte esterase present in urine can indicate what | UTI |
Blood in urine | Hematuria |
Alternative to urine dipstick tests | tablet test |
Main component of urine | water |
Common symptom of diabetes | sweet smelling urine |
cause of sweet urine odor | high blood sugar diabetes |
Occurs when bacteria from the intestines enter the bladder | Bladder fistula |
Cause of strong urine odor | liver disease |
Cause of mousey smell urine | phenylketonuria |
Incurable genetic disease that makes you unable to break down phenylalanine. | Phenylketonuria |
Cause of maple syrup odor urine | MSUD |
Rare and incurable genetic disease that makes you unable to breakdown Leu, Ile, Val. | MSUD |
Lack of treatment for MSUD can lead to what | Brain damage and death |
Organ responsible for pH homeostasis | Kidneys |
COmponent of bile that when present in urine indicates liver damage | Bilirubin |
When present in high amounts, this substance might indicate viral hepatitis, or conditions associated with hemolytic anemia | Urobilinogen |
When urobilinogen is absent, it indicates | Hepatic or biliary obstruction |
Protein test pad provides a rough estimate of _________ in urine | albumin concentration |
Urine protein elevation | proteinuria |
High amounts of glucose in urine | Glucosuria |
follow up test after occurrence of glucosuria | Fasting Blood Glucose |
Intermediates of fat metabolism | ketones |
in a person with diabetes, ketones are indications of insufficient _________ | insulin |
Condition where excess glucose and ketones are excreted into urine in order to flush them out of the body | Diabetic ketoacidosis |
Presence of hemoglobin in urine | Hemoglobinuria |
Myoglobin found in urine may indicate | muscle damage or injury |
Enzyme most common in WBCs | Leukocyte esterase |
Increase in WBCs in urine indicates | inflammation in the urinary tract |
Most common cause of positive leukocyte esterase test | Leukocyturia (Bacterial UTI) |
Microscope used in urinalysis | Bright field |
Normal amount of RBCs per HPF in urine | 0-5 |
Healthy amount of hyaline casts in urine | 0-5 per LPF |
Different types of cellular casts | WBC cast, RBC cast |
Normal urine crystals | Amorhous urates, Crystalline uric acid, calcium oxalates, amorphous phosphates |
Abnormal urine crystals | CaCO3, cystine, tyrosine, leucine |
A method of specimen collection for obtaining non contaminated specimens. It is easy to perform and it provides a sample that can be used for bacteriologic examination and routine urinalysis. | clean catch |
This method may be used if the patient is having difficulty voiding. It can also be used in a female patient to avoid vaginal contamination, especially during menstruation | Catheterization |
To collect this specimen the patient voids before going to bed, and immediately on rising for sleep collects a urine specimen. a. | First morning specimen |
The specimen can be collected at any time, usually during daytime hours, and without prior patient preparation. | Random urine specimen |
Preferred specimen for urinalysis | First morning specimen |
Following collection, specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within how many hours? | 2 hours |
This type of urine examination makes use of reagent test strips? | Chemical examination |
Normal range of urine volume for adults | 600 to 2000 mL |
Polyuria is observed in these diseases | Diabetes, Chronic Renal Disease |
Normally, yellow color of urine is produced by | Urochrome |
Urine that turns black upon standing may contain what | Homogentisic acid, melanocytes, and melanin |
. Freshly voided normal urine is usually clear; however, if it is alkaline, a white turbidity may be present due to | Amorphous phosphates |
A yellow-brown specimen that produces a yellow foam when shaken can be suspected of containing: | Bilirubin |
What pigment causes red coloration of urine when eating beets? | anthocyanins |
A person with polyuria will have what coloration of urine? | colorless |
Terms Used to describe clarity of ones urine | clear cloudy turbid |
Urine clarity that indicates the presence of mucus | hazy |
What enzyme causes one’s urine to smell like ammonia | Urease |
What organic compound causes urine to smell fruity? | Ketones |
What is another way to call urine clarity? | turbidity |
1. An increased specific gravity may be attributed to the following conditions except: a. Dehydration b. Diabetes insipidus c. Diarrhea d. Glucosuria | b. Diabetes insipidus |
Analyte in urinalysis that uses a double-indicator system | pH |
Presence of this analyte in urinalysis may be indicative of biliary obstruction | Bilirubin |
Commonly used as first indicator for renal diseases | protein test |
Ascorbic acid may interfere the reading of the following analytes in urine | Glucose, bilirubin, nitrite |
Presence of this analyte could be indicative of diabetes mellitus | glucose |
At what speed and for how long should urine be centrifuged | 1500 rpm for 5 minutes |
Urine sediment reported as number per LPF | squamous epithelial cells |
T/F RBCs crenate in hypotonic urine | False |
T/F In alkaline urine, RBCs lyse | True |
Largest cell present in urine sediment | squamous epithelial cells |
Parasites in urine are usually contaminants from __________ | the feces or vagina |
most valuable initial aid for identification of crystals in urine is | pH test strip |
Contributes to the formation of urinary crystals | solute concentration, pH, and temperature |
Primary component of urinary mucus is | Tamm-Horsfall protein |
Finding yeast cells in urine is commonly associated with | Diabetes mellitus |
Urinary cast usually mistaken for mucus | hyaline cast |
urinary parasite that is actually an intestinal parasite | Enterobius Vermicularis |