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Pharm Test I
Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary goal of the medication, Betaseron, when dealing w/ the patient w/ MS | decreases overall relapse rate |
| what is the major adverse effect of seizure medications | cns depression/sedation |
| which is the oldest & the most prescribed seizure medication | dylantin |
| what are the criteria for pain to be considered chronic pain? | persists longer than 6 months, can interfere w/ ADLs & associated w/ feelings of helplessness or hopelessness |
| which of the narcotic opioid is referred to as the "represtative" | morphine |
| what is the most serious reaction of opioid intoxication | respiratory depression |
| what medication is likely to be used to treat opioid medication dependence | methadone (Dolophine) |
| NSAIDs | Selective Cox-2 Inhibitors: Celecoxib (Celebrex); Ibuprofen: ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol), naproxen sodium (Aleve, Anaprox) |
| NonNSAIDs | Salicylates: aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) |
| what class of drugs is often the choice to treat migraines? | triptans: Imitrex |
| what is the loss of sensation to an area of the body w/o loss of consciousness to the pt | local anesthesia |
| benzodiazepines used for conscious sedation | lorazepam (Ativan), midazolam hydrochloride (Versed) |
| intermediate insulin: isophane insulin suspension | NPH, NPH Iletin II, Humulin N, Novolin N |
| Intermediate insulin: insulin zinc suspension | Lente Iletin II, Lente L, Humulin L, Novolin L |
| sulfonylurea drugs | Second Generation: glimepiride (Amaryl), glipizide (Glucotrol), glyburide (DiaBeta, Micronase, Glynase) |
| Hypothyroidism | common disease caused by insufficient secretion of either TSH or Thyroid hormone |
| symptoms of hypothyroidism | myxedema, slow body metabolism, slurred speech, bradycardia, weight gain, low body temperature, & intolerance to cold environments |
| medications for hypothyroidism | levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl) |
| Use of corticosteroids | used for antiinflammatory affects, allergic reaction, arthritis |
| long term effects of corticosteroids | Cushing syndrome: adrenal atrophy, osteoporosis, increased risk of infections, delayed wound healing, peptic ulcers, & a redistribution of fat around shoulders & neck |
| what are 3 preparations of ADH available for the treatment of Diabetes Insipidus | vasopression (Pitressin), desmopression (DDAVP, Stimate), lypressin (Diapid) |
| what condition is treated primarily w/ alpha adrenergic blocker? | alpha blockers are primarily used for treatment on hypertension either alone or in combo w/ other agents |
| what is the area at the end of the neuron to where the nerve impulse travels | synapse |
| what is a synaptic cleft | space that must be crossed for impulse to reach the next neuron |
| what is the nerve on the other side of the synapse waiting to receive the impulse called? | postsynaptic neuron |
| what are the chemicals that allow nerve impulses to cross the synaptic cleft | neurotransmitters |
| what are the 2 primary neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system | norepinephrine & acetylcholine |
| what are the acetylcholine receptors in the ganglia (presynaptic neuron site) | nicotinic receptors |
| what are the acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic neuron site in the PSNS called? | muscarinic receptors |
| Norepinephrine (sympathetic) receptors are in either 2 subtypes, what are the 2 subtypes? | alpha & beta |
| the nonselective beta blockers are used to treat what 3 conditions | htn, angina, & cardiac rhythm abnormalities |
| what happens if beta blockers are discontinued abruptly | chest pain or rebound hypertension can occur |
| why should your patient seek medical advice before taking OTC meds like cold, cough or sinus if a pt is taking prescribed autonomic medications? | because those meds likely contain autonomic agents |
| name adrenergic blocker that acts on beta1 & beta2 receptors used for htn, angina & glaucoma | timolol (Blocadren, Timoptic) |
| what is the name of the area in the brain that is responsible for emotional expression, learning & memory | limbic system |
| what life threatening neurologic reactions are caused by abrupt withdrawal of CNS depressants | fever, seizures, psychosis |
| which antidepressant drug class is not recommened for patients with a history of MI, heart block or abnormal heart rhythm | TCA's |
| What is serotonin syndrome | an adverse event that may occur when a patient is taking an SSRI & an additional medication that affects the metabolism, synthesis, or reuptake of serotonin. |
| what are the signs & symptoms of serotonin syndrome | mental status change (confusion, anxiety, restlessness), hypertension, tremors, sweating, fever & lack of muscular coordination |
| SSRIs medications | citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram oxalate (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft) |
| name the drug class that is seldom used or prescribed because of the many drug to drug or drug to food interactions | MAOIs |
| what are symptoms of barbituate overdose | respiratory depression, hypotension, and shock |
| therapeutic blood level range for lithium | 0.6-1.5 mEq/L |
| parkinson's disease | tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (most noticeable of all symptoms), postural instability |
| acute dystonia | severe spasms, particularly the back muscles, tongue, & facial muscles, twitching movements |
| neuroleptic malignant syndrome | high fever, confusion, muscle rigidity & high serum creatine kinase |
| tarditive dyskinesia | bizarre tongue & face movements such as lip smacking & wormlike motions of the tongue, puffing of cheeks, uncontrolled chewing movements |
| what is the degenerative disorder of the CNS caused by the death of neurons that produce the brain neurotransmitter dopamine | parkinson's disease |
| adverse effects of antipsychotic medications | acute dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tarditive dyskinesia, anticholinergic effects, sedation, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
| what neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer's disease? | acetylcholine |
| what class of medications is used to treat Alzheimer's disease | acetylcholinesterase inhibitors |
| acetylcholinesterase inhibitors | donepezil hydrocholoride (Aricept), rivastigmine tartrate (Exelon) |
| what should you suggest to patient who wants to stop taking a benzodiazepine that he has taking for many years? | talk to doctor first and if ok taper off slowly |
| what time is appropriate for administration of Ambien (zolpidem)? | onset is 7-27 minutes. take right before you lay down for bedtime |
| what is a common side effect of SSRI | sexual dysfunction |
| what could possibly cause lithium toxicity | diuretics, vomiting diarrhea |
| pt is unable to sleep because of medications given for ADHD? | take med 6 hours prior to bed time |
| pt is unable to eat because of taking medications for ADHD | take med after meal |
| tyramines | avocados, bananas, raisins, papaya products, canned figs, meat tenderizers, cheese, sour cream, yogurt, wines, beef or chicken livers, pate, meat extracts, pickled or kippered hearing, pepperoni, salami, sausage, bologna, hot dogs, chocolate, yeast |
| what class of antidepressants interacts with tyramine & what occurs with the interaction | MAOIs/acute hypertension |
| what is the goal of pharmacotherapy when treating Parkinson's disease | to increase the ability of the patient to perform normal daily activites |
| anticholinergic is often the term to refer to drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system, muscarinic blockers, what are the most therapeutic used for these drugs? | to dry secretions & treat asthma |
| what is an adrenergic blocker that is used to treat glaucoma | timolol (Blocaden, Timoptic) & carteolol (Cartrol) |
| what patient teaching should be included for a patient taking birth control pills? | patients can't smoke because of thromboemolitic disease |
| which medication is used to treat BPH and does not affect the patient's blood pressure | flomax (tamsulonin) |
| what are examples of medication that are beta2 adrenergic and used for asthma | albuterol (proventil, ventilin, provax) |
| side effects of atropine | *blocks acetylcholine receptors causing symptoms of flight or fight response* given prior to anesthesia |
| adverse reactions to atropine | dry mouth, HTN, decreased sweating, drowsiness, nervousness, insomnia, confusion, hallucination, flushing, blurred vision, mydriasis, constipation |
| signs and symptoms of barbiturate withdrawal | dreaming, nightmares, insomnia |
| what is important to assess with a patient sedatives? | respiratory status |
| what type of agents are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease? | Dopaminergic |
| benzodiazepines used in prolonged or difficult to treat seizures | donazepam (Klonopin), clorazepatel (Tranxene), diazepam (Valium) |
| use of Hydantoins | primarily to treat tonic-clonic seizures & psychomotor seizures |
| Hydantoins medications | phenytoin (Dilantin), fosphenyton (Cerebyx), mephnytoin (Mestantoin) |
| adverse effects of Hydantoins | nystagmus, ataxia, slurred speech, mental changes, rashes, nausea, vomiting, gingival hyperplasia, hematologic changes & hepatotoxicity |
| Use of Narcan | may be infused to reverse respiratory depression and other acute symptoms |
| what is most serious symptom of acute opioid intoxication | respiratory depression |
| Which one of the TCA drugs is used for migraines | amitriptyline (Elavil) |
| What atypical antidepressant can also be used to help a patient quit smoking | wellbutrin (Bupropion) |
| What would be some nursing interventions with a patient who has just been administered Versed (midazolam)? | check respiratory status |
| what is the main concern when taking NSAIDs for a prolonged period | may cause GI bleed |
| what nursing interventions must be documented when administering pain medication | pain level, location of pain & quality of pain |
| what is the treatment goal of antiparkinsonism agents | change the balance between dopamine & acetylcholine in the brain |
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