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4U Organic Reactions
prepare for the test!
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Account for... | create a reason or explanation for... |
oxidation | increasing the # of C-O bonds; losing electrons (often carried off by hydrogens) |
reduction | increasing the # of C-H bonds; gaining electrons (often carried by hydrogens) |
addition | adding a functional group across a double (or triple) bond, thereby creating a single (or double) bond |
polymerization | joining subunits into a long chain by either addition or condensation rxns |
elimination | reforming a double (or triple) bond by removing a functional group |
hydrolysis | splitting two molecules by inserting water |
to condense | to join two molecules by removing water |
dehydration synthesis | joining two molecules by removing water |
cis-trans isomer | If two functional groups (attached to the carbons of the double bond) are on the same side of the double bond, the isomer is a cis alkene. If the two groups lie on opposite sides of the double bond, the isomer is a trans alkene. |
substitution | swapping a functional group for a hydrogen; often seen in aromatics |
decarboxylation | removing a carboxyl functional group |
Markovnikov's rule | in an addition reaction, look for the carbon at the double bond that is bonded to the most carbons, then give this carbon the functional group (aka. give the hydrogen to the carbon bonded to the most hydrogens!) |
esterification | When a carboxylic acid is treated with an alcohol and an acid catalyst, an ester is formed (along with water) |
tertiary alcohols | cannot undergo oxidation since the C-C bond bond energy is 347 kJ/mol compared with 338 kJ/mol in the C--H bond |
fat-soluble | relates to nonpolar molecules that dissolve in other nonpolar molecules |
demonstrate | Show proof or evidence for something. Explain or show how something works |