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Civil Rights
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| affirmative action | the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination |
| black codes | laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed slaves and other blacks and deprived them of their rights |
| Brown v. Board of Education | the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional in public education |
| de facto segregation | segregation that results from the private choices of individuals |
| de jure segregation | segregation that results from government discrimination |
| disenfranchisement | the revocation of someone’s right to vote |
| equal protection clause | a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on gender |
| grandfather clause | the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate whites to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified |
| hate crime | harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person’s sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability |
| intermediate scrutiny | the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed “separate but equal” racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
| rational basis test | the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens |
| Reconstruction | the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union |
| strict scrutiny | used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof on the government to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest is at stake and no alternative means are available |
| Title IX | the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex |
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sharimaclachlan
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