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Chemistry
BMS161
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Mass | The amount of matter in an object |
| Weight | The gravitational force acting on an object of given mass |
| Element | Simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties; composed of atoms of only one kind |
| Atom | Smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element |
| Neutron | Subatomic particle with no electrical charge |
| Proton | Subatomic particle with one positive charge |
| Electron | Subatomic particle that has one negative charge |
| Atomic Number | Equal to the number of protons in each atom |
| Mass Number | The number of protons, plus the number of neutrons |
| Isotopes | Two or more forms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons, but different number of neutrons |
| Atomic Mass | Average mass of naturally occuring isotopes |
| Radioactive Isotopes | Forms of atoms that emit radioactivity e.g. gamma rays |
| Avagadro's Number | 6.022 X 10 to the power of 23 The number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance |
| Mole | Unit of measurement. |
| Acid | Proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions |
| Base | Proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions |
| Acid | Molecule or compound that releases H+ |
| pH Scale | Refers to the Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution |
| Acidic | pH less than 7 |
| Basic | pH greater than 7 |
| Mixture | Substances physically, but not chemically combined |
| Solution | Mixture of liquids, gasses, or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined |
| Solvent | That which dissolves the solute |
| Solute | That which dissolves in the solvent |
| Blood | Example of a mixture, solution and colloid |
| Organic Chemistry | Study of carbon-containing substances |
| Inorganic Chemistry | Generally, substances that do not contain carbon |
| Water Molecule | Atom of oxygen forms polar covalent bonds with two atoms of hydrogen |
| Protein | Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes iodine. Regulate Processes, aid transport, provide protection, help muscles contract, provide structure and energy. E.g. Insulin |
| Amino Acids | The building blocks of proteins |
| Peptide Bonds | Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis |
| Primary Structure of a Protein | Determined by sequence of amino acids bound by peptide bonds, in the polypeptide chain |
| Secondary Structure of a Protein | Folding and bending of the polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonding |
| Tertiary Structure of a Protein | Results from large scale folding of protein driven by interactions within the protein and with the immediate environment. |
| Quaternary Structure of a Protein | Two or more proteins associate, forming a functional unit |
| Subunits | Individual proteins. Interaction leads to quarternary structure. |
| Enzymes | Protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. 3D shape contains active site where reactants attach |
| Catalysts | Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted |
| Activation Energy | The minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction |
| Nucleotides | Building blocks of DNA and RNA, composed of a five-carbon base (monosaccharide), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate. |
| Molar Mass | Mass of one Mole of a substancein grams, which is equal to its atomic mass units |
| Ion | Atom loses or gains an electron and becomes charged |
| Cation | Positively charged ion |
| Anion | Negatively charged ion |
| Ionic Bond | Electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions |
| Covalent Bond | Two or more atoms share electron pairs |
| Polar Covalent | Electrons not shared equally because one nucleus attracts the electrons more than the other does |
| Nonpolar Covalent | Electrons shared equally |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms chemically combine to form an independent unit |
| Compound | A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms chemically combined |
| Molecular Mass | Determined by adding up atomic masses of its atoms or ions |
| Hydrogen Bond | Occurs when the positively charged H of one molecule is attracted the the negatively charged molecule of O, N or F of another molecule. Plays an important role in determining the shape of complex molecules |
| Energy | The capacity to do work |
| Potential Energy | Energy stored within bonds; could do work if it were released |
| Kinetic Energy | Does work and moves matter |
| Mechanical Energy | Energy resulting from the position or movement of objects |
| Chemical Energy | Form of potential energy in the chemical bonds of a substance |
| Heat Energy | Energy that flows from between objects of different temperatures |
| Electronegativity | Ability of an atom's nucleus to attract electrons |
| Intermolecular Forces | The weak electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged parts of molecules, or between molecules and ions |
| Solubility | Ability of one substance to dissolve in another |
| Dissociation | In ionic compounds, cations are attracted to the negative ends of water molecules and anions are attracted to the positive ends. The ions separate and and each become surrounded by water molecules. |
| Electrolyte | Solutions made by the dissociation of cations and anions in water |
| Nonelectrolytes | Solutions made by chemicals that dissolve in water, but do not dissociate |
| Reactants | Substances that enter into a chemical reaction |
| Products | Substances that result from the chemical reaction |
| Nucleic Acids | Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. E.g. DNA, RNA & ATP. 5-carbon sugars are components of nucleic acids and form pentagon shape. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Genetic material of cells, copied from one generation of cells to the next. Composed of two strands of nucleotides. Each strand is complementary and antiparallel to the other strand. Contains the information that determines the structure of proteins. |
| Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine | Nitrogenous Bases in Nucleotide of DNA |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into the primary structure of proteins. Composed of monosaccharide ribose. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | Energy currency of the cells. Provides energy for other chemical reactions (anabolism) and used to drive cell processes, such as muscle contraction |
| Gene | Sequence of DNA nucleotides that determines the structure of a protein or RNA |
| Metabolism | Sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body |
| Anabolism | Energy-requiring process where small molecules joined to form larger molecules. Produce the molecules characteristics of life |
| Catabolism | Energy-releasing process where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules |
| Dehydration Reaction | Occurs where water is a product of the reaction, removed from the reactants |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | Occurs where water is split into two parts, each part contributing to the formation of the products |
| Reversible Reactions | A reaction that can run in the opposite direction, so that products are converted back to the original reactants |
| Equilibrium | Rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation |
| Oxidation | Loss of an electron by an atom |
| Reduction | Gain of an electron by an atom |
| Oxidation-Reduction Reaction | The complete or partial loss of an electron by an atom is accompanied by the gain of that electron by another atom |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of low concentration of solute, to a high concentration of solute. |
| Osmotic Pressure | Force required to prevent water moving across a membrane by osmosis |
| Selectively permeable Membrane | Membrane allows water, but not all solutes to dissolved in the water, to diffuse through it |
| Concentration | Measure of numbers of particles of solute per volume of solution |
| Buffer | A solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and base components occur in similar concentrations. Regulates pH. Important biological buffers: Bicarbonate, Phosphates, Protein, Respiratory and renal mechanisms |
| Glycolysis | Series of chemical reactions in the cytosol that results in the breakdown of glucose into 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid molecules |
| Anaerobic Glycolysis | The breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen. Produces 2 molecules of lactic acid and 2 molecules of ATP. 2 phases: Glycolysis & lactate formation |
| Aerobic Respiration | The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and 36 ATP molecules. 4 phases: Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA formation, the citric acid cycle & the electron-transport chain |
| Glycogensis | Process that uses excess glucose to form glycogen |
| Iso-osmotic | Solutions with the same amount of concentrations of solute particles |
| Hyperosmotic | Solution with a greater concentration of solute |
| Hypo-osmotic | Solution with a less concentration of solute |
| Hypertonic | Cell shrinks (crenation). Cell loses water to compensate for high levels of NaCl |
| Hypotonic | Cell swells (lysis). Occurs when there is too much water and water enters the red blood cells |
| Isotonic | Cell neither shrinks nor swells |
| Insensible Perspiration | Water evaporating from the skin |
| Sensible Perspiration | Secreted by the sweat glands and contains solutes |
| Hypernatraemia | High concentrations of Na+ in plasma |
| Hyponatraemia | Low concentrations of Na+ in plasma |
| Hyperkalaemia | High levels of potassium in extracellular fluid |
| Hypokalaemia | Low levels of potassium in extracellular fluid |
| Hypocalcaemia | Low levels of calcium in the blood serum |
| Hypercalcaemia | High levels of calcium in the blood serum |
| Osmolality | The number of particles dissolved in one kilogram of water |
| Milliosmoles | Unit of measurement used by physiologists, due to low concentrations in the human body |
| Lipogenisis | Process used when glycogen stores are filled. Glucose and amino acids are used to synthesize lipids |
| Glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Gluconeogenesis | Formation of glucose from amino acids and glycerol (non-carbohydrate sources) |
| Absorptive State | Period immediately after a meal when nutrients are absorbed through intestinal wall into the circulatory and lymphatic systems |
| Postabsorptive State | Occurs late in the morning, afternoon and night after the absorptive state has concluded. Helps maintain blood glucose levels by converting other molecules to glucose |
| Metabolic Rate | Total amount of energy produced and used by body per unit of time |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | Energy used at rest. Accounts for 60% of metabolic rate |
| Thermic Effect of Food | Energy used to digest and absorb food. 10% of Metabolic Rate |
| Muscular Activity | Energy used for muscle contraction. 30% Metabolic Rate |
| Lipids | Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Functions include protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes, energy source. E.g. Anabolic Steroids |
| Carbohydrates | Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Energy source and struct. E.g. Glucose |
| Monosaccharides | Six-carbon sugars like glucose and fructose. Have a hexagon shape and react with water. Important in the diet as an energy source |
| Disaccharides | Two simple sugars bound together by dehydration. E.g. Lactose, Sucrose |
| Polysaccharides | Long chains of monosaccharides. Storage molecules for monosaccharides and form part of the cell surface markers |
| Triglycerides | Composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Functions include protection, insulation and energy source |
| High Specific Heat | Large amount of heat required to raise water temperature |
| Oxygen (O2) | Required in the final step in the series of reactions used to extract energy from food |
| Carbon Dioxide (Co2) | Produced during the catabolism of organic compounds. Metabolic waste product. Combines with water in plasma and forms H+, thus affecting acid/base balance |
| Induced Fit Hypothesis | Enzymes change shape to accommodate the shape of specific reactants |
| Cofactors | Combine with active site and make nonfunctional enzymes functional |
| Hydrophilic Molecules | Molecules that are polar or ionic and love water. They get dissolved in water and require facilitated diffusion |
| Hydrophobic Molecules | Molecules that are non-polar and hate water. They only dissolve in oil-based substances. Suitable for passive diffusion in cellular activities |
| Salt | A substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates into ions other than H+ or OH– |
| Tonicity | Describes how a solution affects the shape and volume of cell, by changing its internal water concentration |
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Mandyrox300
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