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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Fundamentals of Body Structures and Functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine refers to hormones and the glands that: | secrete hormones. |
| Secrete means: | produce and discharge (release). |
| Endocrine glands secrete (produce and discharge) hormones directly into the: | bloodstream. |
| Hormones are: | chemical catalysts. |
| Catalysts are: | reactions. |
| Hormones are necessary to maintain a balance of the body's environment called: | homeostasis. |
| The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland located at the: | base of the brain. |
| The pituitary gland is the size of a: | pea. |
| The pituitary gland is aka the: | hypophysis or "master gland". |
| The primary gland (hypophysis) is also known as the master gland because pituitary hormones control the function of other: | endocrine glands. |
| The pituitary gland is controlled by the: | hypothalamus (wife). |
| The pituitary gland is divided into a front section and back section called the: | anterior lobe and posterior lobe. |
| The pituitary gland is also known as the "master gland": | because pituitary hormones control the functions of other endocrine glands. |
| The pituitary gland secretes: | GH which stands for growth hormone. |
| Growth hormone (GH) secreted from the pituitary gland stimulates (causes) body cells to increase in size and : | replicate which means copy. |
| The amount of growth hormone secreted usually decreases at age: | 20. |
| Deficient secretion of growth hormone (GH) causes: | dwarfism. |
| Excessive secretion (production and discharge) of growth hormone (GH) can cause: | giantism. |
| The pituitary gland secretes TSH which stands for: | thyroid stimulating hormone aka thyrotropin or T7. |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to secrete: | thyroid hormones. |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is aka: | thyrotropin or T7. |
| The pituitary gland secretes: | ACTH which stands for adrenocorticotropic hormone. |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) stimulates (causes) the adrenal glands to secrete: | adrenal hormones. |
| The pituitary gland secretes : | MSH which stands for melanocyte stimulation hormone. |
| Melanocyte stimulation hormones (MSH) causes: | melanocytes (skin cells) to produce a pigment (color) called melanin. |
| A hereditary absence of melanin is called: | albinism. |
| Hereditary is aka: | familial or genetic. |
| Melanin is: | skin pigment (color). |
| The pituitary gland secretes: | FSH which stands for follicle stimulating hormone. |
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) : | causes an ovary to ripen an oocyte (egg cell) into a mature egg called an ovum. |
| Follcle stimulating hormone (FSH) : | causes the testicles (testes) to initiate spermatogenesis which means creation of spermatozoa (sperm). |
| Initiate means : | start. |
| The pituitary gland secretes: | LH which stands for luteinizing hormone. |
| Secretes means: | produces and discharges (releases). |
| Leutinizing hormone (LH) stimulates (causes): | Expulsion (release) of an ovum from an ovary called ovulation. |
| An ovum is a: | mature egg. |
| Leutinizing hormone (LH) stimulates: | Production of the hormone to maintain gestation called progestreone. |
| Gestation means: | pregnancy. |
| Leutinizing hormone (LH) stimulates : | the testicles (testes) to produce the male sex hormone testosterone. |
| The pituitary gland secretes: | Lactogenic hormones aka prolactin. |
| Lactogenic hormones (prolactin) stimulates lactation which means: | discharge (release) of milk. |
| The pituitary gland secretes: | ADH which stands for antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin. |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): | stimulates the kidneys to conserve water. |
| Deficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is abbreviated DI which stands for: | diabetes insipidus. |
| Diabetes insipidus (DI) is characterized (described) by: | polyuria and polydipsia which means excessive urination and excessive thirst. |
| Synthetic ADH is called: | vasopressin. |
| The pituitary gland secretes: | 9. OT which stands for oxytocin. |
| Oxytocin (OT) stimulates the uterus to contract during L+D which stands for: | labor and delivery. |
| Synthetic oxytocin is called: | Pitocin aka "pit drip". |
| Oxytocin (OT) is also known as the : | bonding hormone. |
| Bonding refers to: | male-female bonding and mother-neonate bonding. |
| Neonate means: | newborn. |
| THYROID GLAND The thyroid gland is located on the (R) and (L) sides of the trachea (windpipe) just inferior (below) the: | larynx aka the voice box. |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to secrete: | 1. T3 and 2. T4 also known as thyroxine. |
| T3 and T4 are both commonly referred to as: | thyroxine. |
| T3 and T4 (thyroxine) regulate: | metabolism. |
| Metabolism is the rate at which the body utilizes: | energy. |
| Hypothyroidism means : | deficient thyroxine. |
| Hypothyroidism is aka: | myxedema. |
| Hyperthyroidism means: | excessive thyroxine. |
| Hyperthyroidism is abbreviated GD which stands forL | Graves disease. |
| Hypercalcemia means: | blood condition of excessive calcium. |
| Hypercalcemia occurs (happens) when you ingest (eat): | calcium. |
| Hypercalcemia stimulates: | the thyroid gland to secrete Calcitonin. |
| Calcitonin stimulates absorption of Ca and P: | into the bones. |
| Ca and P stand for: | calcium and phosphorus. |
| PARATHYROID GLANDS The parathyroids are raisen-shaped glands embedded in the: | posterior surface of the thyroid gland. |
| Hypocalcemia means: | blood condition of deficient calcium. |
| Hypocalcemia occus when you do not ingest: | calcium. |
| Parathyroid hormones (PTH) stimulates osteocytes to release stored: | CA and P into the blood. (Calcium and phosphorus). |
| Osteocytes are: | bone cells. |
| Chronic (persistent) secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) can cause loss of: | bone mineral density. |
| Loss of bone mineral density (BMD) can lead to OP which stands for: | osteoporosis. |
| BMD will be sacrificed to supply calcium (Ca) and P (phosphorus) to the | muscles (heart). |
| PTH and calcitonin are necessary to maintain a: | balance of the body's internal environment called homeostasis |
| ADRENAL GLANDS The adrenal glands are also known as : | suprarenal glands because they are located above (superior) t the kidneys. |
| The inner portion of the adrenal glands is called the: | adrenal medulla. |
| The outer portion of the adrenal gland is called the: | adrenal cortex. |
| The adrenal medulla secretes the: | fight or flight hormone called adrenaline or epinephrine. |
| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (fight or flight) response include: | 1. Tachycardia which means fast heart rate. 2. Hypertension which mans HBP. |
| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (fight of flight) response includes: | 3. Tachypnea which is fast breathing (ventilation) 4. Increased diameter ( lumina) of the bronchi and bronchioles called bronchodilation. |
| Changes that occur during the flight or fight response include: | 5. Increased diameter of the pupils called pupillary dilation. |
| Papillary dilation will increase the VF which stands for: | visual field. |
| Changes that occur during the sympathetic fight or flight response include: | 6. Shunting (diverting) blood from the periphery (skin) to the brain, heart, lungs, and large muscles of the arms and legs causing a color change called pallor (paleness). |
| Changes that occur during the sympathetic fight or flight response include: | Conversion (changing) of glycogen (stored sugar in the liver) to glucose aka dextrose. |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete a corticosteroid called: | Cortisol aka hydrocortisone. |
| Physiologies (functions) of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include: | a. Assisting body cells to se glucose and fat for energy. |
| Glucose is one type of sugar and is aka: | dextrose. |
| Physiologies (functions) of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include: | b. Reducing erythema (redness), edema (swelling) and pain associated with the body's protective reaction to trauma (injury) called inflammation. |
| Physiologies of cortisol include: | c. Assisting the body with physical and mental tension called stress. |
| Hyperadrenalism means: | excessive cortisol. |
| Hyperadrenalism is aka: | Cushing syndrome (CS). |
| Hypoadrenalism means: | deficient cortisol. |
| Hypoadrenalism is called: | Addison's disease (AD). |
| The adrenal cortex secretes a corticosteroid to regulate (control) electrolytes called: | Aldosterone. |
| Electrolytes are: | salts. |
| Electrolytes (salts) include: | a. Na which stands for sodium. b. K which stands for potassium |
| Electrolytes (salts) include: | c. Cl which stands for chloride d. Cas which stands for calcium. e. P which stands for phosphorus |
| Anabolic steroids, the type sometimes used by athletes are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone called: | testosterone. |
| PANCREAS The pancreas is located retrogastric which means : | behind (posterior to) the stomach. |
| Physiologies of the pancreas include secretion of insulin when the blood sugar (BS) : | increases. |
| Insulin allows glucose (dextrose) to enter the body cells causing the blood sugar (BS) to: | decrease. |
| Glucagon stimulates the liver to release stored sugar (glycogen) causing the blood sugar to: | increase. |
| Insulin and glucogon are necessary to maintain a balance of the body's internal environment called: | homeostasis. |
| Insulin is secreted by the pancreas when the blood sugar (BS): | decreases. |
| A random plasma glucose (RPG) is aka a BS which stands for: | blood sugar. |
| A normal RPC or BS is: | less than <200 mg/dL. |
| DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes mellitus can be caused by hypoinsulinism which means: | condition of deficient insulin. |
| Insulin allows glucose to enter body cells causing the blood sugar to: | decrease. |
| Diabetes mellitus in children is abbreviated : | IDDM which stands for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus aka juvenile onset diabetes mellitus aka type 1 diabetes mellitus. |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most serious type of diabetes mellitus and requires: | a. Daily subcutaneous injections of insulin. |
| A synthetic insulin is called: | NovoLog. |
| Type I diabetes mellutus is the most serious type of DM and requires: | b. Strict control of caloric intake. c. Regular consistent exercise. |
| Diabetes mellitus can also be caused by body cells resisting insulin abbreviated IRDM which stands for: | Insulin resistant diabetes mellitus. |
| Insulin resistance diabetes mellitus (IRDM) is aka | NIDDM which stands for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus maturity onset diabetes mellitus or type II diabetes mellitus |
| Type II diabetes mellitus can often be controlled by: | oral medications called antidiabetics. |
| Type II diabetes can often be controlled by: | Strict control of caloric intake Regular consisent exercise. |
| Risk factors of DM include: | Heredity aka familial or genetic A waist size greater than 40 in men and 35 in women. |
| Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Over consumption of refined sugars. |
| Risk factors for DM include: | Over consumption of food. |
| DM can be caued y hopoinsulinism which means: | condition of deficient insulin. |
| Risk factors forDM include: | a sedentary lifestyle which means little or no regular exercise. |
| Risk factors for DM include: | Hyperglycemia during pregnancy called gestational diabetes mellitus around the 24th week. |
| Risk factors for DM include: | Certain races such as African american Native American Asian American Hispanic American. |
| Risk factors for DM include: | Chronic HTN which stands for persistent hypertension aka high blood pressure. |
| Signs and symptoms of DM include: | a. Fatigue which means loss of energy. b. Loss of weight. |
| Signs and symptoms of DM include: | c. Polyuria which means excessive urine production Polydipsia which means excessive thirst. |
| Complications of diabetes mellitus include: | 1. MI which stands for myocardial infarction aka a heart attack. 2. CVA which stands for cerebrovascular accident. |
| Complications of diabetes mellitus include: | 3. DR which stands for diabetic retinopathy which causes blindness. |
| Complications of diabetes mellitus include: | 4. RF which stands for renal failure aka kidney failure. 5. ED which stands for erectile dysfunction. |
| Complications of diabetes mellitus include : | 6. PAD which stands for peripheral artery disease. |
| Poor circulation caused by PAD can lead to: | tissue putrefaction (rot) called gangrene. |
| DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES Diagnostic blood tests include: | 1. OGTT which stands for oral glucose tolerance test Normal oral glucose tolerance test is less than 140 mg/dL: |
| Diagnostic blood tests include: | 2. FBS which stands for fasting blood sugar aka FPG which stands for fasting plasma glucose. Normal fasting blood sugar or fasting plasma glucose is less than <100 mg/dL. |
| Diagnostic blood tests include: | A1c which is an average blood sugar for the past 3 months. Normal A1c (HbA1c) is less than <5.7%. |
| Diagnostic blood tests inclue: | PBI which stands for protein bound iodine. |
| A protein bound iodine (PBI) is a TFT which stands for: | thyroid function test. |
| Diagnostic blood tests include: | Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG or hCG). |
| HCG (hCG) is a: | hormone present in the blood and/or urine during gestation aka pregnancy. |
| HCG (hCG) is also known as an : | EPT which stands for early pregnancy test. |
Created by:
bterrelonge
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