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chapter 16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| caravel | a light, fast sailing ship with a rudder and lateen (long, triangular) sails |
| henry the navigator | son of King John I of Portugal, patron and supporter of explorers |
| vasco da gama | Portuguese explorer who traveled to Calicut, India in 1497 |
| Christopher columbus | Italian sailor who traveled west to reach China but discovered the Caribbean islands instead |
| ferdinand magellan | first explorer to attempt to circumnavigate the globe; he was killed on the way, but some of his sailors completed the journey |
| circumnavigate | travel completely around the world |
| sir francis drake | English explorer and second person to circumnavigate the globe |
| encomienda | system in which a Spanish colonist received land and Native American workers, to whom they were required to teach Christianity |
| hernan cortez | Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec empire (in what is now, Mexico) |
| conquistador | Spanish word for conqueror; name for Spanish military leaders who fought against the native people of the Americas |
| moctezuma ll | Aztec emperor at the time of Cortes's conquest |
| francisco pizarro | conqueror of Inca Empire in Peru (for the Spanish) |
| atahualpa | ruler of Inca Empire, killed by Spanish invaders led by Pizarro |
| viceroys | officials who ruled large areas of Spain's American colonies in the king's name |
| bartolome de las casas | Spanish priest who criticized treatment of Native Americans, and suggested that slaves from Africa be used as workers instead |
| treaty of tordesillas | treaty signed in 1493 dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal, along an imaginary line |
| columbian exchange | the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the people of Europe and the Americas because of contact brought by exploration |
| mercantilism | the European economic policy that called for nations to gain wealth in order to build a strong military and expand influence |
| balance of trade subsidies | the amount of goods sold by a country compared to those bought from other countries; a favorable balance of trade meant selling more goods than were bought |
| capitalism | economic system in which private individuals rather than governments perform most of the economic activity, with the goal of making a profit |
| joint-stock companies | a company in which investors buy shares of stock, receiving a portion of the profits, but only risk losing the amount of their investment if the company fails |
| plantations | large farms that usually specialize in growing one type of crop for profit |
| triangular trade | trading network that brought goods from Europe to Africa to be traded for slaves, took slaves from Africa to the Americas to be sold, then brought American goods back to Europe |
| middle passage | name for voyages that brought slaves across the atlantic ocean to north america and the west indies |
| olaudah equiano | African who wrote about the horrific conditions Africans endured on Middle Passages voyages |
| african diaspora | the spread of people of African descent through the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade, eventually spreading African culture throughout the Western world |
| henry hudson | Dutch sailor who looked unsuccessfully for the Northwest Passage and explored the river that is now named after him (in New York state) |
| subsidies | grants of money given by governments for purposes such as helping people start new businesses |
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