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Parasitology III
Parasitology test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most common flea of dogs and cats | Ctenocephalides felis |
| Name two parasites that Ctenocephalides felis can transmit. | Dipylidium caninum and Dipetalonema reconditum |
| Name a physical characteristic of Ctenocephalides felis. | Laterally compressed with pronotal and genal combs |
| Name the human flea. | Pulex irritans |
| What flea has no combs but seta (hair) is found below the eye? | Pulex irritans |
| Name a flea of poultry | Echidnophaga gallinacea |
| Name a flea with a compressed head with no combs | Echidnophaga gallinacea |
| What ectoparasite is important in transmitting the bubonic plague? | Xenopsylla cheopsis |
| What is the major characteristic of Xenopsylla cheopsis? | Rod-shaped thickening present on mesopleron (diagnostic) |
| How long is the flea lifecycle? | 16-21 days (can be completed in 3 weeks) |
| What are the optimum temperature and humidity conditions for flea development? | 65-80F, and 75-85% humidity |
| What is the lifespan of the flea on and off the host? | 4-6 weeks on the host and 2 weeks off the host |
| Flea eggs dessicate if relative humidity drops below? | 50% |
| What is the preferred food for flea larvae? | Adult flea feces |
| Name 4 characteristics of localized or squamous Demodex canis? | 1-5 lesions, majority spontaneously cure, non-puritic, lesions around eyes, mouth, and forelimbs |
| Name 4 characteristics of generalized Demodex canis? | Coalescing lesions on body, >5 lesions, associated with poor prognosis, and extend to head, neck, leg, and trunk |
| Name 4 characteristics of Sarcoptes scabiei | Burrowing mite, highly puritic, highly contagious, initial lesions on less haired areas (ears and elbows) |
| How long is the lifecycle of Sarcoptes scabiei? | 3 weeks |
| What is the name of the feline scabies or head mange? | Notedres cati |
| What is the scabies that can only be found on the cat? | Notedres cati |
| What is the name for walking dandruff? | Cheyletiella |
| How long can Cheyletiella survive off the host? | 10 days |
| How long is the lifecycle of Cheyletiella? | 3 weeks |
| Waht is the name of the ear mite found in the ear canal of dogs and cats? | Otodectes cyanotes |
| How long is the lifecycle of Otodectes cyanotes? | 3 weeks |
| What is the major physical characteristic of Chiggers? | Stylostome |
| What life stage of chiggers is parasitic? | Larvae |
| How long is the life cycle of Chiggers? | 1 year (seasonal incidence) |
| What is the name of the red roost mite? | Dermanyssus gallinae |
| Which tick has short mouthparts and an inornate capitulum? | Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) |
| What is the most common tick of dogs? | Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) |
| Name 3 diseases the Rhipicephalus sanguineus transmits? | Babesia, Erlichia, and Hemobartonella |
| What is the name of the gulf coast tick? | Amblyomma maculatum |
| What is the name of the lone star tick? | Amblyomma americanum |
| What tick has long mouth parts and an ornate capitulum? | Amblyomma americanum |
| What is the length of most tick lifecycles? | 1 year |
| What is the name of the brown dog tick? | Rhipicephalus sanguineus |
| What is the name of the black legged shoulder tick? | Ixodes scapularis |
| What tick has long mouthparts and an inornate capitulum? | Ixodes scapularis |
| Ixodes scapularis transmits what 3 diseases? | Lyme disease, Tularemia, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
| What is the name of the american dog tick? | Dermacentor variabilis |
| What tick has short mouthparts and an ornate capitulum? | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Which tick is the major vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? | Dermacentor variabilis |
| What is the name of the spinous ear tick? | Otobium megnini |
| Which life stages of Otobium megnini feed? | Larvae and nymphs |
| What are 3 characteristics of lice in dogs and cats? | Uncommon to rare, highly host specific, need to treat 2 to break 3 week life cycle |
| Name a obligate myiasis agent agent that lays eggs around burrows of small mammals whose larvae are stimulated to hatch from body contact and warmth. | Cuterebra |
| What is the major problem with Cuterebra? | Aberrant migrations |
| What is the primary screwworm that attacks live tissue of wounds that is characterized by darkly pigmented tracheal tubes? | Cochliomyia americanum |
| Which fly is reportable to the USDA? | Cochliomyia americanum |
| What is the name of the blow fly and bottle flies that vary from black to blue? | Phormia regina |
| Waht is the name of the flesh fly? | Sarcophaga spp |
| Which fly has thoracic stripes and a checkered abdomen? | Sarcophaga spp |
| Which fly feeds mainly on the tips of the ears and forelegs causing crusty bleeding lesions including hotspots? | Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) |
| What drug kills cheyletiella, lice, and ototdectes? | Selamectin (Revolution) |
| Which 3 drugs kill Sarcoptes and Notoedres? | Selamectin (Revolution), Fipronil (Frontline), and Fipronil + S-Methoprene |
| Which drug repels and kills ticks and mosquitos? | Imidocloprid + Permethrin (Advantix) |
| Fenbendazole (Panacur) | Ancylostoma, Toxocara, Trichuris, Taenia, and Giardia |
| Praziquantel + Pyrantel + Febantel (Drontal Plus) | Dipylidium, Taenia, Anclyostoma, Toxocara, Trichuris |
| Ivermectin + Pyrantel (Heartguard Plus) | Toxocara, Anclyostoma, Dirofilaria (Pv) |
| Milbemycin (Interceptor, Sentinel) | Anclyostoma, Toxocara, Trichuris, Dirofilaria (Pv) |
| Selamectin (Revolution) | Anclyostoma, Toxocara, Fleas, Ticks, Dirofilaria (Pv) |
| Thiabendazole (Mintazole) | Strongyloides stercoralis |
| Piperazine (various generics) | Toxocara, Toxascaris |
| Moxidectin (Proheart) | Anclyostoma, Dirofilaria |
| Emodepside + Praziquantel (Profender) | Anclyostoma, Toxocara, Taenia, Dipylidium |
| Metrinidazole (Flagyl) | Giardia, Pentatrichomonas |
| Ponazuril (off-label) (Marquia) | Isospora spp. |
| Methylbenzene | Toxocara spp, Toxascaris, Anclyostoma, Uncinaria |
| Fenbendazole (Panacur) | Anclyostoma, Toxocara, Trichuris, Taenia, Giardia |
| Praziquantel + Pyrantel (Drontal) | Anclyostoma, Toxocara, Taenia, Dipylidium |
| Ivermectin (Heartguard) | Dirofilaria (Pv) |
| Epsiprantel (Cestex) | Taenia, Dipylidium |
| Pyrantel (Nemex) | Anclyostoma, Toxocara |
| Praziquantel at elevated doses can be used to effectively treat what two parasites? | Paragonimus kellicotti and Spirometra mansonoides |
| Which 6 drugs can giardia be effectively treated with? | Furazolidone, Fenbendazole, Metrinidazole, Quinacrine (Atabrine), Albendazole, and Iprronidazole |
| Name 4 insect growth regulators. | Methoprene, Pyriproxifen, Fenoxycarb, and Lufenuron |
| What is the vector and intermediate host for Habronema? | House fly |
| What is the seasonal transmission for the spiruid stomach worms? | Summer ("summer sores") |
| Name the 3 spiruid stomach worms. | Habronema muscae, Habronema major, and Draschia megastoma |
| What stage of Habronema causes lesions in the skin which are aberrant sites of development | L3 |
| How are the spiruid stomach worms diagnosed? | Larvated eggs in feces |
| What are the lesions from spiruid stomach worms? | Stomach or aberrant sites |
| Where do the Trichostrongylus axei adults live? | Glandular portion of stomach |
| What is a parasite of ruminants which infects horses? | Trichostrongylus axei |
| What equine parasite has a peak transmission in the Fall? | Gasterophilus spp |
| What parasite deposits eggs one at a time on hairs of a horse? | Gasterophilus spp |
| What equine parasite causes pit like lesions in the stomach? | Gasterophilus spp |
| What is the first nematode to establish as egg laying adults in foals? | Strongyloides westeri |
| What is the prepatent period of Strongyloides westeri? | 6-10 days |
| What is the transmission of Strongyloides westeri? | Transmission milk, skin, oral |
| What is the prepatent period of Parascaris equorum? | 10-12 weeks |
| What is the crowding effect that occurs with Parascaris equorum? | Increased parasite numbers reduces parasite size |
| Whare are some clinical signs associated with Parascaris equorum? | Respiratory signs, weight loss, anorexia, intestinal impaction, marked eosinophilia, |
| What is the most common equine tapeworm? | Anoplocephala perfoliata |
| What is the intermediate host for Anoplocephala perfoliata? | Cysticercoids in oribatid mite |
| Which equine tapeworm may produce ileal-cecal intussceptions? | Anoplocephala perfoliata |
| Which equine tapeworm is found only in the small intestine? | Anoplocephala magna |
| Which of the equine tapeworms is wedge-shaped? | Anoplocephala perfoliata |
| Which of the equine tapeworms does not hhave lappets? | Anoplocephala magna |
| What is the equine intracellular parasite of the small intestine? | Eimeria leukarti |
| The presence of yellowish dots on the leg hairs of horses indicates the presence of which equine parasite? | Gasterophilus spp |
| Which equine parasite is a potential cause of diarrhea in foals? | Strongyloides westeri |
| Which parasite transmits L3's to foals in milk 48 hours post--partum | Strongyloides westeri |
| A parasiite primarilyt of foals and yearlings which has a prepatent period of 10-12 weeks | Parascaris equorum |
| An equine parasite that a small intestinal impaction and rupture may occur post treatment in the case of heavy infection | Parascaris equorum |
| Which equine parasite causes small white focal spots on the surface of the liver? | Parascaris equorum |
| Which equine parasite causes a potbelly, rough hair coat, thin foal? | Parascaris equorum |
| What equine parasite causes ulceration and thickening of the ileocecal junction? | Anoplocephala perfoliata |
| What is the peak bot fly season in Louisiana? | Fall |
| What are the drugs of choice for treatment of Gasterophilus? | Ivermectin and Moxidectin (once per year late Fall/early winter) |
| Do you find adult Strongyloides westeri in mares? | Immunity to adults develops within 6 months. Mostly a parasite of foals and weanlings |
| Do Strongyloides westeri cause disease? | Possibly diarrhea in foals |
| Large number of Parascaris equorum in the small intestine of a yearling that died due to an impacted intestine following anthelmintic treatment. Is this common? | Yes |
| What can be used to remove the eggs of Parascaris equorum from the environment of a stall? | Nearly impossible but 5% Lysol is effective |
| Anaplocephala are treatable with what drugs at which dosage? | Pyrantel pamoate at 2x recommended dose or a mixture of ivermectin, praziquantel, or moxidectin and praziquantel are highly effective |
| This parasite causes large tumor like lesions with ulcerated centers in the stomach | Draschia megastoma |
| What equine parasite causes granulomatious lesions in the skin known as summer sores? | Draschia megastoma |
| What is the most common nematode of equids? | Cyathostomes |
| Which equine parasite has external and internal leaf crowns? | Cyathostomes |
| Where do the cyathostomes reside? | Cecum and ventral colon |
| Which equine parasite is associated with seasonal diarrhea? | Cyathostomes |
| The early third stage larvae of this parasite may be a hypobiotic stage | Cyathostomes |
| This parasite causes seasonal diarrhea associatd with mucosal larval emergence | Cyathostomes |
| What are the mucosal larvae of cyathostomes treated with? | Killed using moxidectin or elevated doses of fenbendazole but not ivermectin |
| What equine parasite has larvae living in the large intestinal mucosa develop synchronously producing a sudden onset of severe diarrhea | Cyathostomes |
| What is the hypobiotic stage of cyathostomes? | Cyathostome L3 |
| What is the prepatent period of cyathostomes? | 6+ weeks |
| What is the peak transmission of Cyathostomes on the Gulf Coast? | Late September - Spring (March - April) |
| What is the relationship between the EPG and parasite burden for cyathostomes | They do not directly relate |
| What is the immunity in relation to cyathostomes? | Immunity to reinfection is slow to develop (3-7 years) |
| What is the survival rate of L3 cyathostomes during the summer in the south vs. the northern temperate regions | Low in the south, high in the north |
| What is the most pathogenic helminth parasite of horses? | Strongylus vulgaris |
| What makes Strongylus vulgaris the most pathogenic parasite? | It migrates through the vasculature and causes thrombosis, aneurysms, and infarctions |
| The migrations of larvae of this parasite produce lesions of the mesenteric arteries which result in colic. | Strongylus vulgaris |
| Which equine parasite causes verminous arteritis and colic? | Strongylus vulgaris |
| This parasite is a large strongyle which migrate mainly through the liver. | Strongylus edentatus |
| Which equine parasite causes inflammation and edema in the perirenal fat and distinct tracts in the capsule of the liver? | Strongylus edentatus |
| This parasite has egg laying females which cause irritation in the perianal region. | Oxyuris equi |
| Which equine parasite causes loss of hair and pruritis at the tail head? | Oxyuris equi |
| A large stronglye which produces ulcers with groups of worms in the ventral colon. | Triodontophorus tenuicollis |
| Which drugs are effective in treating migrating strongyle larvae? | Ivermectin and moxidectin |
| Which equine parasite is commonly linked with exposure to donkeys? | Dictyocaulus arnfieldi |
| Which equine parasite causes microfilaria in the skin and causes seasonal dermatitis? | Onchocerca cervicalis |
| Which equine parasite can you find adults in the nuchal ligament? | Onchocerca cervicalis |
| What is the intermediate host for Onchocerca cervicalis? | Culicoides |
| What is the vector for Babesia equi and Babesia caballi? | Dermacentor |
| Trypanosoma is mechanically transmitted to horses primary by? | Tabanid flies |
| What equine parasite causes filarid-like adults in the peritoneal cavity and microfilaria in the blood? | Setaria equina |
| What is the causative agent of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis? | Sarcocystis neurona (some associate with Neospora spp) |
| What is the main host for Sarcocystis spp.? | Oppossums |
| What is the distribution of Sarcocystis neurona? | Only in the Americas |
| What equine parasite causes asymmetrical muscular atrophy, ataxia, gait abnormalities, and a head tilt? | Sarcocystis neurona |
| What is the primary treatment for Sarcocystis neurona? | Ponazuril for 28 days |
| What are 2 groups of equine parasites that have begun to show resistance to drugs? | Cyathostomes and Parascaris |
| What is the test for anthelminthic drug resistance? | Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test. |
| How do you conduct a fecal egg count reduction test? | 1. Test horses with greater than 100 EPG. 2. Test as many horses per drug on a farm as possible but minimum of 4 horses. 3. Take fecal samples at day 0 and day 10-14. Day 0 being treatment day. 4. Resistant if less than 80-90% reduction of STRONGLYE FEC |
| How often should you repeat fecal egg count reduction tests? | Yearly intervals |
| What are two concepts to prevent resistance to macrolide lactones? | Reduce exposure of cyathostome populations to ML and maintain the refugia |
| What is the benefit of moxidectin over ivermectin? | Ivermectin does not significantly reduce the mucosal larval refugia, whereas moxidectin does |
| What is the half-life of moxidectin over ivermectin? | Moxidectin productes a longer egg reappearance period, reducing the number of treatments required |
| What are 4 factors to consider while determining the level of parasite control required? | Age, use, stocking rate, private vs. grouped housing |
| What is the parasite control protocol for treating foals for Parascaris equorum? | Treat foals at 8-10 weeks before 12 week PPP to reduce pasture contamination |
| When is the best time to use larvicidal compounds to reduce pasture contamination? | Late summer or fall |
| What are some alternative control strategies for preventing equine parasites? | Nematode trapping fungi, removal of feces |
| What are the two best parasite control strategies? | Seasonal treatment and selected treatment |
| What anthelmintics are effective against cyathostomes? | Moxidectin at normal dose and fenbendazole at 2x recommended dose. |
| Does drug resistance occur against cyathostomes and if so to which drugs? | Commonly occurs. Against pyrantel salts, benzimidazoles, piperazine, and probenzimadizoles |
| What is the peak transmission of cyathostomes in Louisiana? | Fall, winter (unless temps drop below freezing), and spring |
| When is the seasonal emergence of larval cyathostomes and what is it called? | Winter or early spring. Called larval cyathostomiasis |
| What drugs are efficacious against the encysted stages (EL3, L3, and L4) of cyathostomes? | Moxidectin at regular dose and fenbendazole at 2x dose. NOT ivermectin |
| What is the hypobiotic stage of cyathostomes? | EL3 |
| Which stage of Strongyus vulgaris is found in the cranial mesenteric and ileocecal colic arteries? | L4 |
| What treatment is efficacious against the migrating larvae of Strongylus vulgaris? | Fenbedazole, thiabendazole, ivermectin, and moxidectin |
| What causes the rat tail appearance of the tail head in horses with an Oxyuris equi infection? | Deposition of the eggs in the anal region is an irritant and horses rub their tails producing the rat tail appearance |
| Why are Oxyuris equi eggs rarely found in the feces? | The eggs are laid on the perineum region |
| What is the appearance of the Oxyuris equi eggs? | Operculated and embyronated and yellow to brown in color |
| How are horses thought to be infected with Sarcocystis neurona? | Food stuffs contaminated with opossum feces |
| How is diagnosis of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis made? | Largely dependent of clinical evaluation but a non-reliable Western blot assay is available |
| Which equine ectoparasite has larvae that develop in moving water? | Black flies |
| Which equine ectoparasite causes dermatitis in the medial thigh and ears? | Black flies |
| Which equine ectoparasite are generally confined to the wooded edge so larger pastures are best for peak times? | Tabanid flies |
| Which equine ectoparasite generally do not go indoors? | Tabanid flies |
| Ear nets can be used as an exclusion device for which equine pest? | Black flies |
| Face masks can be used as exclusion devices for which equine pests? | House and face flies |
| What causes sweet itch and what is it transmitted by? | Caused by Onchocerca cervicalis and is transmitted by Culicoides |
| Which equine ectoparasite causes hairloss at the base of tail and base of mane and induces a seasonal familial hypersensitivity? | Culicoides |
| Which equine ectoparasite is a poor flier and a fan or a blanket can be used as an exclusion device? | Culicoides |
| Which equine ectoparasite stands with their posterior to the ground and is found usually on the legs? | Stable flies |
| What is the best control for stable flies? | Proper hay control and disposal |
| Which equine ectoparasite feeds head down? | Horn flies |
| Which equine ectoparasite only matures in cow manure? | Horn flies and face flies(not found in LA) |
| Which equine ectoparasite sits parallel to the surface? | House fly |
| Causes severe hypertrophic gastritis in snakes | Cryptosporidium serpentis |
| What is the primary clinical sign of Cryptosporidium serpentis? | Post-prandial regurgitation |
| What is the therapy for Cryptosporidium serpentis? | No effective treatment |
| What parasite causes the stomach of a snake to bulge and be easily palpated? | Cryptosporidium serpentis |
| How is the diagnosis for Cryptosporidium serpentis made? | Cysts are passed in the feces and identified by acid-fast staining |
| What is the lifecycle of Cryptosporidium serpentis? | Direct |
| What is a highly pathogenic amoeba of lizards and snakes and the most important amoeba of reptiles? | Entamoeba invadens |
| What is the transmission of Entamoeba invadens? | Direct with cysts passed from one host to another |
| What are the clinical signs associated with Entamoeba invadens? | Anorexia and weight loss |
| Which exotic parasite causes hepatomegaly and necrotizing gastroenteritis? | Entamoeba invadens |
| What is the treatment for Entamoeba invadens? | Elevate enclosure temp to >33 degrees and metronidazole and antibiotics |
| What is Entamoeba invadens usually accompanied by? | An opportunistic gram-negative organism |
| What is a common pinworm of reptiles, especially turtles and lizards? | Tachygonetria |
| Which exotic parasite is usually non-pathogenic and may even facilitate breakup of feces in colon and actually prevent impactions? | Tachygonetria |
| Where do adult Tachygonetria live? | In the colon |
| What is the diagnosis of Tachygonetria? | Unembryonated eggs passed in feces |
| What is the treatment for Tachygonetria? | Fenbendazole |
| What parasite is found in the mucus layer overlying the epidermis and in tunnels? | Pseudocapillaroides xenopi |
| Which exotic parasite has embryonated eggs with bipolar plugs? | Pseudocapillaroides xenopi |
| How is Pseudocapillaroides xenopi treated? | Thiabendazole and Ivermectin |
| What can trematode infections cause in reptiles? | Weight loss, dyspnea, pulmonary infections (either GI or pulmonary) |
| How are reptile trematode infections diagnosed? | Bronchial washings or eggs in feces |
| What is the treatment for reptile trematode infections? | Praziquantel |
| What is the transmission for cestodes in reptiles? | Ingestion of intermediate host such as copepods |
| What is the most important cyclophyllidean tapeworm of reptiles? | Ophiotaenia |
| What major clinical sign is seen from a reptile tapeworm (cestode) infection? | Chronic enteritis |
| How are reptile cestode infections diagnosed and treated? | Eggs in feces containing hexacanth embryo and Praziquante (to treat adult infections) |
| What is the snake hookworm? | Kalicephalus sp |
| What is the transmission of snake hookworms? | Direct by skin penetration |
| What are the clinical signs and treatment for snake hookworms? | Anemia and hemorragic ulcers. Treat with fenbendazole |
| Which snake parasite inhabits the terminal esophagus and stomach? | Ophidascaris |
| Which snake parasite causes gastric impactions and regurgitation and diarrhea? | Ophidascaris |
| Which snake parasite causes lesion including esophagitis and gastritis? | Ophidascaris |
| Which snake parasite can you commonly find aduts in the lung? | Pentastomes |
| Where are the larvae and nymphs of Pentastomes found? | In the SQ tissue |
| How does transmission of Pentastomes occur? | By ingestion of an intermediate mammalian host (wild rodents) |
| What is the treatment for Pentastomes? | No effective treatment but they can be surgically removed |
| Can Pentastomes be zoonotic and if so which stage? | Yes, nymphal stages |
| What is the name of the snake mite? | Ophionyssus natricis (know spelling) |
| What snake parasite is found under the scales and between the spectacle and the periocular scales? | Ophionyssus natricis |
| What can severe infestations of Ophionyssus natricis cause? | Anemia and debilitation |
| What parasite of geese is found in erythrocytes and results in anemia? | Plasmodium circumflexum |
| What is the treatment for Plasmodium circumflexum? | Chroloquine and pyrimethamine |
| What is the intermediate host for Plasmodium circumflexum? | Mosquitoes |
| Which avian parasite causes splenomegaly and hepatomegaly? | Plasmodium circumflexum |
| What parasite causes "canker" in pigeons? | Trichomonas gallinae (know spelling) |
| What is the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae? | Trophozoites (no cysts) in pigeons milk or in contaminated drinking water |
| What parasite is most common in squabs? | Trichomonas gallinae |
| Which parasite causes accumulation of greenish fluid or cheesy material in the mouth and crop especially the soft palate of pigeons? | Trichomonas gallinae |
| What avian parasite causes necrotic lesions of the esophagus, crop and proventriculus and hepatic abscesses? | Trichomonas gallinae |
| How is Trichomonas gallinae diagnosed? | Exudate (trophozoite) |
| What is the treatment for Trichomonas gallinae? | Metronidazole |
| Which coccidia of birds is transmitted directly and which is transmitted indirectly? | Directly = Eimeria, Indirectly = Sarcocystis |
| What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis in birds? | Generally asymptomatic infections can flare up under stress. |
| What avian parasite sometimes inhabits the oral cavity and others inhabit the intestinal tract? | Capillaria contorta |
| What are the clinical signs of Capillaria contorta? | Caseous oral and pharyngeal lesions, emaciation, and death |
| How is Capillaria contorta diagnosed and treated? | Diagnosed by eggs in exudate or fecal. Treated with Fenbendazole |
| What is the common ascarid of birds? | Ascaridia |
| What is the transmission of Ascaridia in birds? | Direct by consumption of embryonated eggs or indirect by ingestion of fish |
| Where are Ascaridia adults usually found? | Small intestine (or proventriculus, ventriculus, and large intestine) |
| What are the clinical signs of Ascaridia in birds? | Unthriftiness and peritonitis |
| How is diagnosis of Ascaridia in birds made and treated? | Unembyronated eggs in mutes. Two egg types; typical round and ellipsoidal, bipolar egg. Treat with Fenbendazole |
| Why does the balding fat man not eat sushi? | Ascaridia (problem with migration looking for fish intermediate host) |
| Acanthocephaliasis is commonly found in which birds? | Raptorial birds |
| What is a key physical characteristic of Acanthocephaliasis? | Retractable proboscis |
| What are clinical signs associated with Acanthocephaliasis? | Intestinal perforation and peritonitis |
| Where are Acanthocephaliasis generally found in the bird? | Distal small intestine |
| What is the transmission of fluke infections in raptors? | By intermediate hosts |
| Where are trematodes generally found in raptors? | Duodenum and hepatobiliary tree |
| How are trematode infections in raptors generally diagnosed and treated? | Floatation of sedimentation and treat with Praziquantel |
| What kind of lice are found on birds? | ONLY chewing lice (Mallophaga), NO sucking lice |
| What are clinical signs of lice on birds? | Poor feather coat, excessive preening, unthriftiness |
| How are lice treated on birds? | 2% Carbaryl powder |
| What is the name of the "Northern fowl mite" that commonly infests birds? | Ornithonyssus sylviarum (know spelling) |
| Which exotic ectoparasite is identified by the "tongue-like" tapering of the dorsal plate? | Ornithonyssus sylviarum |
| What are the clinical signs associated with Ornithonyssus sylviarum? | Irritation, weight loss, exsanguination (will feed on people) |
| Where are Ornithonyssus sylviarum generally found? | Vent and nests of birds |
| What is the treatment for Ornithonyssus sylviarum? | 2% Carbaryl powder |
| Which form of coccidia are rabbits most commonly infected with? | Hepatic Eimeria stiedae (know name)or intestinal coccidia |
| What are the clinical signs associated with hepatic Eimeria stiedae? | Hepatomegaly with dilated bile ducts appearing as yellowish granulomatous lesions throughout the liver |
| How is Eimeria stiedae diagnosed? | Examining bile for oocysts |
| What areas of the intestine does Eimeria stiedae affect? | Colon and cecum |
| What is the most pathogenic amoeba of primates? | Entamoeba histolytica (know spelling) |
| Which primates are more commonly infected by Entamoeba histolytica? | Feral Old World monkeys |
| What is the diagnostic feature of Entamoeba histolytica? | They inhabit the cecum and colon where they ingest RBC's |
| How many nuclei do the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica in the large intestine contain? | Up to 4 nuclei |
| Which primates are clinical signs of Entamoeba histolytica worse in? | More severe in young monkeys and in New World monkeys (can be fatal) |
| What are the gross lesions associated with Entamoeba histolytica? | Flask-shaped and fatal abscessation in the liver, lungs, or CNS |
| How is Entamoeba histolytica diagnosed? | Trophozoites are found in wet smears of colonic feces or PAS stain |
| How is Entamoeba histolytica treated? | Sanitation, control of mechanical vectors (flies and cockroaches) and Metronidazole |
| What are the two common genera of trichostrongylid nematodes that parasitize exotic hoofstock? | Haemonchus and Ostertagia |
| What are clinical signs associated with trichostrongylid nematodes that parasitize exotic hoofstock? | Weight loss, diarrhea, and poor body condition |
| What are the challenges associated with managing trichostrongylid nematodes that parasitize exotic hoofstock? | High stocking density, anthelmintic resistance, getting anthelmintic into animals |
| What are strategic treatment plans associated with trichostrongylid nematodes that parasitize exotic hoofstock? | Mineral blocks, feed additives, or pour ons |
| What is a common lungworm found in opossums? | Didelphostrongylus hayesi |
| What is the infective stage and intermediate host for Didelphostrongylus hayesi? | Infective L3 stage and terrestrial snail intermediate host |
| What parasite of opossums causes severe respiratory distress? | Didelphostrongylus hayesi |
| What are the typical necropsy findings associated with Didelphostrongylus hayesi? | Verminous pneumonia including granulomatous bronchopneumonia |
| How is the diagnosis made for Didelphostrongylus hayesi and what is the treatment? | Baermann fecal examination for first-stage larvae. Treat with Fenbendazole |
| What can be a incidental finding during necropsy in rabbits? | Rabbit metacestodiasis |
| What is the treatment for Rabbit metacestodiasis? | No treatment. Prevent rabbits from grazing on grass frequented by dogs |
| What is the most common mite found on mammals? | Sarcoptes scabiei (know spelling) |
| What is the transmission for Sarcoptes scabiei? | Direct by contact or indirect by environmental contamination |
| What are clinical signs for chronic Sarcoptes scabiei infections? | Hyperkeratotic and lichenified skin |
| What are the two hypersensitivity reactions associated with Sarcoptes scabiei? | Type I and type IV |
| What stages of Sarcoptes scabiei live in tunnels? | Females, eggs, larvae, and nymphs |
| How long does it take for Sarcoptes scabiei eggs to mature into adults? | 2 weeks |
| What can be used to enhance Sarcoptes scabiei detection? | 10% KOHat 37 degrees C for an hour |
Created by:
callieand