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Chapter 29 Potter
Sleep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| recurrent, altered state of consciousness that occurs for sustained periods | sleep |
| 24-hour, day-night cycle known as | diurnal or circadian rhythm |
| _____________ affect all circadian rhythms, including seep-wake cycle | light & temperature |
| External factors such as _____________ also affect circadian rhythms. | social activities & temperature |
| natural secretion of ________________________ supports circadian Rhythm in sleep-wake cycle by helping to ensure a smooth transition from wakefulness to sleep | melatonin |
| Every person has a _____________ that is normally synchronized by exposure to light & activity. | biological clock |
| _____________ is synchronized w/other body functions | normal rhythm of sleep |
| Normal variations in _____________ correlate w/sleep-wake patterns. | body temperature |
| When sleep-wake cycle becomes _____________, other physiological functions change as well. | disrupted |
| Failure to obtain _____________ adversely affects a person's overall health. | sufficient sleep |
| The _____________ of the sleep-wake state depends on the interrelationship between _____________ that intermittently activated & suppress brain's higher centers to control sleep & wakefulness. | control & regulation; two cerebral mechanisms |
| The neurons in the _____________ maintain a state of wakefulness. | brain stem reticular formation |
| The neurons in the _____________ maintain a state of sleep. | parasympathetic control centers |
| As you fall asleep, stimuli to _____________ in the upper brain stem decline. | reticular activating system (RAS) |
| As you fall asleep, gradually the _____________ takes over, causing sleep. | bulbar synchronizing region (BSR) |
| Normal sleep involves two phases: | non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep & rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
| During _____________ an individual progresses through four stages during a typical 90-minute sleep cycle. | NREM |
| The quality of sleep from stage _____________ becomes increasingly deep. | stage 1 through stage 4 |
| Lighter sleep is characteristic of _____________, when a person is more easily arousable. | stages 1 & 2 |
| _____________ involve a deeper sleep called slow-wave sleep from which a person is more difficult to arouse. | stages 3 & 4 |
| _____________ sleep is phase at the end of each 90-minute sleep cycle. | REM |
| During _____________ sleep there is increased brain activity associated w/rapid eye movements & muscle atonia. | REM |
| _____________ sleep is not divided into stages. | REM |
| Normally an adult's routine sleep pattern begins w/_____________ during which the person is aware only of a gradually developing sleepiness. | pre-sleep period |
| Pre-sleep period normally lasts _____________. | 10 to 30 minutes |
| Individuals experiencing difficulty falling asleep often remain in _____________ for an hour or more. | pre-sleep period |
| Once asleep, the person usually passes through _____________ complete sleep cycles, each consisting of four stages of NREM sleep & a period of REM sleep. | four to six |
| The cyclical pattern of sleep usually progresses from stage 1 through stage 4 of NREM, followed by a _____________, ending with a period of REM sleep. | reversal from stage 4 to 3 to 2 |
| With each successive cycle of sleep, _____________ sleep shorten & the period of _____________ lengthens. | stages 3 and 4 of NREM; REM |
| _____________ lasts up to 60 minutes during the last sleep cycle. | REM sleep |
| A sleeper fluctuates back & forth for short intervals between _____________ before entering REM sleep. | NREM stages 2, 3, & 4 |
| The _____________ depends on the total amount of time that the person spends sleeping. | number of sleep cycles |
| The purpose of sleep is still unclear; one theory suggests that sleep is a time of _____________ for the next period of wakefulness. | restoration & preparation |
| During _____________ sleep, biological functions slow. | NREM |
| A healthy adult's normal heart rate throughout the day averages _____________ beats per minute. | 70 to 80 |
| During sleep the heart rate normally falls to _____________ beats per minute or less, thus preserving cardiac function. | 60 |
| Sleep is also a part of maintaining normal _____________ & optimal _____________. | biological processes; immune performance |
| During _____________ sleep, the body releases human growth hormone for the repair and renewal of epithelial and specialized cells such as brain cells. | NREM stage 4 |
| _____________ and _____________ for the renewal of tissues also occur during rest and sleep. | protein synthesis; cell division |
| _____________ sleep appears to be important for cognitive restoration. | REM |
| Researchers associate REM sleep with changes in _____________ blood flow, increased _____________ activity, increased _____________ consumption, & _____________ release. | cerebral; cortical; oxygen; epinephrine |
| During REM sleep, the changes in cerebral blood flow, increased cortical activity, increased oxygen consumption, & epinephrine release assists with _____________ & _____________. | memory storage; learning |
| The dreams of _____________ sleep are more vivid & elaborate than those of _____________ sleep, and researchers believe them to be functionally important to the consolidation of long-term memory and emotional healing. | REM; NREM |
| _____________ dreams progress in content throughout the night from dreams about current events to emotional dreams of childhood or the past. | REM |
| _____________ help people sort out immediate concerns or erase certain fantasies or nonsensical memories. | dreams |
| B/c most dreams are _____________, many people have little dream recall & do not believe they dream at all. | forgotten |
| To remember a dream, a person must _____________ about it on awakening. | consciously think |
| People who recall dreams vividly usually awaken just after a period of _____________ sleep. | REM |
| The neonate & infant up to the age of 3 months average about _____________ of sleep a day. | 16 hours |
| Approximately _____________ of neonate's/infant's sleep is REM sleep, which stimulates the higher brain centers. | 50% |
| Infants usually develop a nighttime pattern of sleep by _____________ of age. | 3 months |
| Infants sometimes take several naps during the day but usually sleep an average of _____________ during the night. | 9 to 11 hours |
| Infants spend about _____________ of sleep time in the REM cycle. | 30% |
| By the age of _____________, children usually sleep through the night and take daily naps. | 2 years |
| Total sleep for 2 year-olds averages _____________ a day. | 12 hours |
| Some children stop taking naps altogether at _____________. | age 3 |
| The percentage of _____________ sleep continues to fall as the toddler grows. | REM |
| _____________ are often unwilling to go to bed at night. | toddlers |
| A preschooler sleeps an average of _____________ a night with about _____________ is REM. | 12 hours; 20% |
| By the age of _____________, the preschooler rarely takes daytime naps except in cultures where a siesta is the custom. | 5 |
| The _____________ usually has difficulty relaxing or quieting down after long, active days. | preschooler |
| A _____________ also has problems with bedtime fears, waking during the night, and nightmares. | preschooler |
| The _____________ child usually does not require a nap. | school-age |
| A _____________ averages 11 to 12 hours of sleep nightly. | 6-year-old |
| An 11-year-old averages about _____________ hours of sleep nightly. | 9 to 10 |
| Encouraging quiet activities usually persuades the _____________ to go to bed. | 6- or 7-year old |
| The _____________ often resists sleeping b/c of an unawareness of fatigue or a need to be independent. | older child |
| Adolescents need between _____________ of sleep. | 8.5 & 9.5 hours |
| Although sleep needs should go up, typical teenagers get about _____________ of sleep per night. | 7.5 hours |
| School demands, after-school social activities, & part-time jobs _____________ time for sleep. | lessen |
| _____________ go to bed later & rise earlier during the high school years. | Teens |
| B/c of lifestyle demands that shorten the time available for sleep & physiological needs, teens often experience _____________. | excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) |
| Poor school performance, vulnerability to accidents, behavioral problems, & increased use of alcohol & stimulants are the result of _____________ due to insufficient sleep. | EDS |
| Most _____________ average 6 to 8.5 hours of sleep a night, but this varies. | young adults |
| _____________ rarely take regular naps. | young adults |
| Young adults spend approximately _____________ of sleep time in REM sleep, which remains consistent throughout the remainder of life. | 20% |
| During _____________ the total time spent sleeping at night begins to decline. | middle adulthood |
| The amount of _____________ begins to fall during middle adulthood and a decline that continues with advancing age. | stage 4 sleep |
| More than 50% of persons _____________ report regular problems with sleep. | age 65 or older |
| Older adults spend more time in _____________ and have less _____________ sleep. | stage 1; stage 3 & stage 4 NREM |
| Some older adults have almost no _____________, or deep sleep. | NREM stage 4 |
| Episodes of _____________ sleep tend to shorten as an older adult. | REM |
| _____________ awaken more often during the night, and it takes more time for them to fall asleep. | older adults |
| Older adult _____________ (the amount of time asleep given the amount of time in bed) is reduced. | sleep efficiency |
| _____________ increase the number of naps taken during the day. | older adults |
| Often _____________ do not feel refreshed after sleeping. | older adults |
| Tests show that older adults do not have an _____________ for sleep, but have a reduction in the ability to sleep. | increased need |
| As people age, their circadian clock advances, causing _____________. | advanced sleep phase syndrome |
| _____________ is common in older adults and often is the reason behind the complaint of waking early in the morning and being unable to get back to sleep. | advanced sleep phase syndrome |
| People with _____________ get sleepy early in the evening say around 8 or 9 pm and wake up around 4 or 5 am. | advanced sleep phase syndrome |
| When people with _____________ stay up until their customary 10 or 11 pm, their bodies still awaken at 4 or 5 am. | advanced sleep phase syndrome |
| A number of factors affect the quantity and quality of sleep; often more than one factor combined to cause a sleep problem. | physical, psychological, & environmental |
| Any _____________ that causes pain, difficulty breathing, nausea, or mood problems such as anxiety or depression can result in sleep problems | illness or condition |
| Individuals with a _____________ have trouble falling or staying asleep. | physical illness |
| _____________ also force patients to sleep in positions to which they are unaccustomed. | illnesses |
| A considerable number of _____________ cause either sleepiness, insomnia, or fatigue as a side effect. | drugs |
| _____________ prescribed for sleep often cause more problems than benefits. | medications |
| _____________ is a natural protein found in foods such as milk, cheese, and meats & sometimes helps a person sleep. | L-Tryptophan |
| _____________ is a precursor, or forerunner, to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a role in the sleep-wake cycle. | L-Tryptophan |
| A persons' daily routine influences sleep patterns. | lifestyle |
| An individual who alternately works _____________ often has difficulty adjusting to the altered sleep schedule. | day and night shifts |
| Other alterations in routine that disrupt sleep patterns include performing _____________, engaging in _____________, & changing _____________. | heavy work or exercise; late-night social activities; evening mealtime |
| On average, adults sleep _____________ per nights on weeknights & _____________ hours per night on weekends. | 7 to 7.5 hours; 8 or more |
| Many Americans suffer from _____________ and experience _____________ during the day. | sleep deprivation; EDS (excessive daytime sleepiness) |
| _____________ often results in impairment of waking function, poor work or school performance, accidents while driving or using equipment, and behavioral or emotional problems. | EDS |
| _____________ are usually most intense upon awakening from sleep or right before going to sleep and about 12 hours after the mid-sleep period. | Feelings of sleepiness |
| Persons who temporarily experience sleep deprivation as a result of an active social evening or lengthened work schedule usually feel sleepy the _____________. | next day |
| _____________ is much more serious than temporary sleep deprivation and causes serious alterations in the ability to perform daily activities. | chronic lack of sleep |
| _____________ is most difficult to overcome during sedentary tasks (e.g., driving). | EDS |
| The _____________ in which a person sleep has significant influence on the ability to fall and remain asleep. | physical environment |
| Good _____________, a comfortable _____________, and a _____________ lit room are essential for restful sleep. | ventilation; temperature; darkened or softly |
| The _____________, _____________, and _____________ of a bed also affect sleep quality. | size; firmness; position |
| _____________ are often harder than those at home. | hospital beds |
| If a person usually sleeps with another individual, sleeping alone during times of illness causes _____________. | wakefulness |
| Sleeping with a _____________ bed partner also disrupts sleep. | restless or snoring |
| _____________ affects sleep activity by decreasing REM activity. | noise |
| _____________ easily disturbs older adults' sleep b/c most of their sleep is in lighter sleep stages. | noise |
| In _____________, noise created by caregivers, equipment, and other patients causes a problem for patients. | health care facilities |
| Some persons require _____________ to fall asleep, whereas others prefer _____________ such as soft music or television. | silence; background noise |
| Noise in _____________ is usually new or strange to the patient. | health care facilities |
| The _____________ is one of the loudest, where close proximity of patients, noise from confused and ill patients, and ringing of alarm systems and telephones make the environment very disruptive. | intensive care setting |
| A person who is moderately fatigued usually achieves restful sleep, especially if the fatigue results from _____________. | enjoyable work or exercise |
| Completing _____________ within 2 hours or more before bedtime allows the body to cool down and maintains a state of fatigue that promotes relaxation. | vigorous exercise |
| _____________ right before bedtime interferes with sleep onset duet to increased body temperature. | vigorous exercise |
| _____________ resulting from exhausting or stressful work makes falling asleep difficult. | Excess fatigue |
| Eating a large, heavy, and/or spicy meal within _____________ of bedtime sometimes results in indigestion that interferes with sleep. | 3 to 4 hours |
| _____________ consumed in the evening has insomnia-producing and diuretic effects. | Alcohol |
| Coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate contain _____________ that cause sleeplessness as a result of CNS stimulation. | caffeine and xanthines |
| Weigh gain contributes to _____________ due to increased size of the soft tissue structures in the upper airway. | obstructive sleep apnea |
| Weigh loss causes _____________ and decreased amounts of sleep. | insomnia |
| Certain sleep disorders are the result of the _____________ popular in a weight-conscious society. | semi-starvation diets |
| _____________ are conditions that, if untreated, cause disturbed nighttime sleep that results in one of three problems: insomnia, abnormal movements or sensation during sleep or when awakening at night; or excessive daytime sleepiness. | sleep disorders |
| _____________ is a symptom experienced by patients who have chronic difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings from sleep, and/or a short sleep or non-restorative sleep. | insomnia |
| The person with _____________ complains of EDS, as well as insufficient quantity and quality of sleep. | insomnia |
| _____________ sometimes signals an underlying physical or psychological disorder. | insomnia |
| Often people experience _____________ insomnia as a result of situational stresses such as work or family problems. | transient or temporary |
| A temporary case of _____________ caused by a stressful event has the ability to lead to chronic difficulty in obtaining sufficient sleep. | insomnia |
| _____________ is often associated with poor sleep habits. | insomnia |
| During the day a person with _____________ feels sleepy, fatigued, depressed, and anxious. | chronic insomnia |
| _____________, such as improved sleep hygiene measures, biofeedback, and relaxation techniques, at the symptoms. | direct treatments |
| _____________ is a disorder in which the individual is unable to breathe and sleep at the same time. | sleep apnea |
| During _____________ there is a lack of airflow through eh nose and mouth for periods from 10 seconds to 1 to 2 minutes in length. | sleep apnea |
| There are three types of _____________: obstructive, central, & mixed apnea, which has both an obstructive and a central component. | sleep apnea |
| _____________ is a cessation or stopping of airflow despite the effort to breathe. | obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) |
| _____________ occurs when muscles or soft structures of the oral cavity or throat relax during sleep; the upper airway becomes partially or completely blocked and nasal airflow diminishes or stops. | obstructive sleep apnea |
| _____________ such as a deviated septum, nasal polyps, narrow lower jaw, or enlarged tonsils sometimes predispose a patient to obstructive apnea. | structural abnormalities |
| Cessation of diaphragmatic and intercostal respiratory effort causes _____________. | central sleep apnea |
| _____________ is a result of dysfunction of the brain's respiratory control center. | central sleep apnea |
| _____________ is found in patients with congestive heart failure, brain stem injury, muscular dystrophy, and encephalitis, as well as in people who breathe normally during the day. | central sleep apnea |
| _____________ is the least common sleep apnea. | central sleep apnea |
| EDS is the most common complaint of people with _____________. | obstructive sleep apnea |
| Patients with _____________ are at risk for cardiac dysrhythmias, right heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, angina attacks, stroke, & hypertension. | obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) |
| Treatment for _____________ includes therapy for underlying cardiac, respiratory, or emotional problems. | sleep apnea |
| The treatment of choice is use of a _____________ device at night. | nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) |
| The _____________ pushes positive air pressure into the airway in an attempt to reduce the apnea periods the patient experiences during sleep by serving a s splint for the airway. | CPAP machine |
| _____________ is a CNS dysfunction of mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake states. | narcolepsy |
| _____________ is the most common complaint associated with narcolepsy. | EDS |
| There are two _____________ states: with or without cataplexy. | narcolepsy |
| _____________ is a sudden muschle weakness during intense emotions such as anger or laughter that occurs at any time during the day. | cataplexy |
| If the _____________ is severe, the patient loses voluntary muscle control and falls to the floor. | cataplectic attack |
| A person with _____________ often falls asleep uncontrollably at inappropriate times. | narcolepsy |
| _____________ can be misunderstood for laziness, lack of interest in activities, or drunkenness. | narcolepsy |
| _____________ is a problem many patients have as a result of a sleep disorder. | sleep deprivation |
| Causes of _____________ include illness, emotional stress, medications, environmental disturbances, and variability in the timing of sleep as a result of shift work. | sleep deprivation |
| _____________ occurs from insufficient sleep or disrupted sleep. | sleep deprivation |
| Hospitalization, especially in _____________, makes patients vulnerable to the circadian sleep disorders. | intensive care units |
| _____________ involves decreases in the quantity and quality of sleep, as well as inconsistency in the timing of sleep. | sleep deprivation |
| When it comes to _____________, some patients experience a variety of physiological and psychological symptoms such as blurred vision, decreased reflexes, slow response time, cardiac arrhythmias, confusion, and irritability. | sleep deprivation |
| The most effective treatment for _____________ is elimination or correction of factors that disrupt the sleep pattern. | sleep deprivation |
| The _____________ are sleep disorders that produce abnormal sleep movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreaming as a result of autonomic nervous system changes and skeletal muscle activity during sleep. | parasomnias |
Created by:
chaptravelman
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