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2AX5X Vol.3 SelfTest
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)1. How is oxygen separated from other gases in the air? | By compressing and cooling the air |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)2. Why must aviator’s breathing oxygen be “bone dry”? | To ensure operation of oxygen system components. Oxygen with a high moisture content would freeze at high altitudes, causing the oxygen system to be inoperative. |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)3. List some of the warning signs of hypoxia. | Blurred vision, slight shortness of breath, a vague weak feeling, light dizziness |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)4. What is the maximum pressure at which low-pressure gaseous oxygen cylinders are charged? | 450 psi m. |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)5. What color are low-pressure gaseous oxygen cylinders painted? | Yellow |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)6. How are oxygen tubes color-coded? | With bands of green and white cellulose tape. |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)7. What two types of connections are used in a low-pressure oxygen system? | Pipe-thread and flared-tube connections |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)8. What component reduces system pressure in a high-pressure gaseous oxygen system? | A pressure reducer valve |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)9. What construction methods prevent high-pressure gaseous oxygen cylinders from shattering? | Heat-treated alloy wrapped with steel wire. |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)10. What are the two main types of oxygen regulators? | The continuous-flow and pressure-demand type |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)11. What’s a disadvantage of the continuous-flow regulator as compared to other types? | Wastes oxygen |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)12. The MD–1 oxygen regulator can be used with what types of oxygen systems? | With high- or low-pressure gaseous or liquid oxygen systems |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)13. In an emergency the pressure-demand regulator can supply oxygen to what altitude? | 50,000 feet. |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)14. What should system pressure be during an operational check of a regulator? | Near normal operating pressure |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)15. Explain how the molecular sieve bed operates | Nitrogen in the air is absorbed in one bed of molecular sieve while oxygen passes through the bed. When the molecular sieve becomes saturated, the concentrator vents the nitrogen overboard |
| (401. Fundamentals of gaseous oxygen systems)16. What happens if the MSOGS concentrator fails? | It will turn on an OXYGEN caution light in the cockpit and automatically switch to the backup oxygen supply |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)1. What’s the temperature of liquid oxygen? | –297 °F |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)2. Why should liquid oxygen never be sealed, capped, or trapped in a container without a relief- valve? | It will rupture the container. |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)3. What factors are used to determine converter size? | The number of crew, mission duration, and the type of oxygen regulation equipment used |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)4. What’s the probable cause if frost appears on the outside of a LOX container? | Vacuum loss |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)5. How are pressure control valves controlled? | Spring-loaded bellows |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)6. What’s the primary purpose of the pressure-closing valve? | To maintain a constant head pressure on top of the liquid oxygen in the storage container |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)7. What’s the normal position of the pressure-opening valve? | Closed. |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)8. Why is it important to ensure there is no moisture in the fill, buildup, and vent valve? | It may freeze in the vent position |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)9. In what position should you manually place the buildup/vent valve during a filling operation? | VENT position |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)10. How are the check valves in quick disconnects operated? | Automatically |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)11. What are the two modes of operation in the supply sequence of the liquid oxygen system? | The economy mode and demand mode |
| (402. Fundamentals of liquid oxygen systems)12. What technical manual covers the requirements for LOX systems inspection? | –6 technical manual for the specific aircraft |
| (403. Facts about bleed air systems)1. What is the purpose of a bleed air system? | To operate or control pneumatic systems or components. |
| (403. Facts about bleed air systems)2. What are the three sources of bleed air used for system operations on jet aircraft? | Aircraft engine(s); ground air cart; and gas turbine compressors, gas turbine units, or auxiliary power units |
| (403. Facts about bleed air systems)3. What equipment provides bleed air when the aircraft is on the ground with the engine shutdown? | A ground air cart. |
| (403. Facts about bleed air systems)4. List the components of a bleed air system. | Check valves, shutoff valve, wing isolation or body crossover valves, flow control valves, pressure regulating valves, bleed air ducting, and the necessary controls. |
| (403. Facts about bleed air systems)5. What is the purpose of a ground-air-connection check valve? | Prevent the escape of bleed air from the system. |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)1. What material usually used for high-pressure/high-temperature ducting? | Stainless steel |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)2. What action should you take to ensure a good airtight seal when installing a V-band clamp? | Tap around the circumference of the clamp as its tightened. |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)3. Why should you install the bottom bolts on a bolted flange duct first? | This forms a cradle and holds the gasket in place while you install the remaining bolts. |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)4. Besides stainless steel, what other materials can be used in the construction of medium-pressure/medium-temperature ducting? | Titanium to aluminum alloy |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)5. What type lubricant can be used on beaded duct sleeves to aid in installation? | Water only |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)6. Where in the aircraft is molded fiberglass ducting used for distributing conditioned air? | Cabin area |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)7. What's the purpose of gaskets? | To make an air tight seal with most types of flange connections |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)8. What devices are installed in bleed air systems to compensate for thermal expansion of ducting? | Expansions joints (bellows), thermal compensators, universal joints, loops, horseshoe bends, and offsets. |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)9. What's the most important reason for insulating ducts? | To prevent heat damage to structural members, electrical wiring, and combustible material, as well as hydraulic, oxygen, and fuel lines. |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)10. What type of insulating material is fireproof? | Fiberglass fabric blankets |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)11. What is the purpose of the rubber accordion boot wrapped around the duct between the sections of the insulation? | This boot allows for differences in expansion rates of the duct and insulation |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)12. What’s used to lace the studs together in a metal foil blanket? | Wire |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)13. What are the most common types of duct damage? | Scratch, minor dent, major dent, and gouge |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)14. Define gouge | A defect wherein the surface of the material is cut or removed sufficiently to cause the duct wall thickness to be reduced. |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)15. Which bleed air duct system is subjected to the highest pressure/temperature? | High-pressure/high-temperature. |
| (404. Bleed air ducting)16. What should you do anytime you locate a nonpermissible leak in the high-pressure/high- temperature section of the bleed air system? | Inspect the aircraft structure in the immediate area of the leak for heat damage |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)1. What is air conditioning? | The simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, and air distribution within a space. |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)2. Does heat always move to cold or does cold always move to heat? | Heat always moves to cold. |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)3. While the aircraft is in flight, what controls the flow of ram air to the primary heat exchanger(s)? | Moveable ram air inlet and/or exit doors that modulate in flight |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)4. During low airspeeds or ground operation what induces cooling airflow to the primary heat exchangers when there is not enough ram air to cool the primary heat exchangers? | Ejectors |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)5. What consists of a centrifugal air compressor and an expansion turbine, and is often known as a “pack” | Air cycle machine (ACM) |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)6. Why would some of the outlet air from the primary heat exchanger need to bypass the air cycle machine | If cabin temperature controls call for warmer air |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)7. What component provides an additional stage of cooling after the bleed air has left the primary heat exchanger and, if required, the air cycle machine? | Secondary heat exchanger |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)8. What is the primary purpose of the refrigeration bypass valve? | To prevent water from freezing in the water separator. |
| (405. Air conditioning system fundamentals)9. What component uses centrifugal force to remove moisture in the air that is caused by rapid cooling | The water separator. |
| (406. System operations)1. What two forms of energy are essentially interchangeable? | Pressure and temperature |
| (406. System operations)2. What happens to heat of the engine bleed air as it passes through the primary heat exchanger(s)? | Some of the heat is transferred to ram air |
| (406. System operations)3. What happens to the pressure of the engine bleed air as it passes through the primary heat exchanger(s)? | Almost no change |
| (406. System operations)4. What happens to the air as it enters the compressor of the air cycle machine? | The pressure increases and, therefore, the temperature increases. |
| (406. System operations)5. What results in a very large decrease to the air within the air cycle machine? | As the air expands across the turbine, the pressure decreases greatly. The pressure decrease, coupled with the energy extracted to drive the compressor, results in a very large decrease in temperature |
| (406. System operations)6. What are the two methods of cooling used in a typical bootstrap system? | (1) By transferring heat to the ram air, or (2) removing most of the heat by expanding it and converting it into work to drive the compressor |
| (406. System operations)7. The refrigeration bypass valve opens so that warm air can mix with the air in the water separator if the water separator’s outlet air temperature falls below what temperature? | 38 degrees Fahrenheit |
| (406. System operations)8. Explain the difference between preconditioned and conditioned air | Once the air has cycled through the entire system with the exception of the water separator, it is called preconditioned air. Preconditioned bleed air becomes conditioned air when it has made its way through the water separator |
| (407. Atmospheric conditions and aircraft pressurization ranges)1. What percentage of the earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen? | 78 percent. |
| (407. Atmospheric conditions and aircraft pressurization ranges)2. List the three pressurization ranges. | Unpressurized range, isobaric range, and differential range. |
| (407. Atmospheric conditions and aircraft pressurization ranges)3. What is the isobaric range? | 8,000 to 21,000 feet above sea level. |
| (407. Atmospheric conditions and aircraft pressurization ranges)4. Where does the differential range extend? | From where the isobaric range stops to the maximum altitude of the aircraft. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)1. What component opens and closes to control the amount of air leaving the aircraft’s pressurized area? | Outflow valve. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)2. What is the approximate atmospheric pressure at sea level? | 14.7 psi. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)3. The aneroid is fully expanded and the metering valve closed at what specific altitude? | 8,000 feet. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)4. What two pressures are applied to the differential diaphragm? | Control and atmospheric pressure. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)5. What section of the pressure regulator protects the crew from too fast a rise in cabin pressure? | The rate control section. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)6. In addition to a regulator, two outflow valves, and a pneumatic relay, what other component is a part of the dual-differential regulator? | Dump valve. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)7. What component operates as a safety valve if the regulator fails? | Outflow valve. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)8. Why are two outflow valves used on aircraft with large crew areas? | Because of the large volume of air to be relieved. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)9. How can the dump valve be operated in case of electrical power failure? | Manually. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)10. What are the three features of the pressure controller? | Isobaric, differential, and rate controls. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)11. How is isobaric control maintained? | Adjusting spring tension. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)12. What types of pressure act on the differential controller’s diaphragm? | Control head and atmospheric. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)13. How is the rate control orifice size adjusted? | Rate control knob. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)14. During a dive, what prevents damage caused by reverse flow of atmospheric air? | The ball check valve. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)15. Describe the purpose of the manual control valve. | It’s used to manually set and regulate the control pressure if the automatic cabin pressure controller fails. |
| (408. Pressurization system fundamentals and components)16. What happens if the pressure regulator test handle remains in the TEST position? | The aircraft will pressurize on the ground. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)1. Where are fire detectors normally placed on aircraft? | On conventional aircraft they are placed in the engine and baggage compartments. On jet aircraft they are placed on the engine section, nacelle, or tail cone. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)2. How are the thermal switches connected? | In parallel with each other, and in series with the warning light. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)3. What are the two types of thermoswitches? | FENWAL® switch and Iron Fireman switch. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)4. How do the FENWAL® and Iron Fireman detector switches operate? | The inside of the switch has a low coefficient of expansion, while the shell has a high coefficient of expansion. When they are heated, they will expand and contact will be made. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)5. What are two precautions you must take when handling thermal switches? | • Be cautious when handling these units because the shell is the actuating mechanism. Never handle the shell with pliers or force the switch into position by hand or with tools. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)5. What are two precautions you must take when handling thermal switches? | • Before, during, and after installation, take precautionary measures to ensure that the shell is not dented, distorted, or otherwise damaged. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)5. What are two precautions you must take when handling thermal switches? | • Use caution in securing the lock washer and hex nut on the positive terminal of the switch. When securing the terminal nut, use a torque wrench. Check current tech data for proper torque values. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)5. What are two precautions you must take when handling thermal switches? | • When installing a new switch, inspect the outer shell visually for evidence of any damage that could change the actuating point or prevent the switch from operating. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)5. What are two precautions you must take when handling thermal switches? | • After the switch has been put into operation, always keep it free of dirt, dust, oil, grease, or any foreign substance that may accumulate on the switch and change the amount of heat required to actuate it. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)6. What causes a thermocouple fire detector system to activate? | A rapid rate of temperature increase beyond normal engine warm-up. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)7. What are the three circuits in the thermocouple fire warning system? | The detector, alarm, and test circuits. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)8. How are the thermocouples connected in respect to each other? | In series. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)9. What does a photoelectric detector cell consist of? | A glass envelope, which is coated on the inside with infrared-sensitive lead sulfide. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)10. The amplifier of a photoelectric fire detection system is sensitive to what frequencies? | Between 7 and 60 Hz. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)11. How can you distinguish the fire warning light from the overheat light in the photoelectric fire detection system? | The overheat light flashes, and the fire warning is steady. |
| (409. Facts about fire and overheat warning systems)12. What are fire detector sensing loops made of? | A center conductor embedded in a semiconducting compound enclosed within a tube. |
| (410. Characteristics of fire extinguishing systems)1. How do liquid agents extinguish fire? | By excluding oxygen from the fire area |
| (410. Characteristics of fire extinguishing systems)2. How will an insufficient nitrogen charge affect agent discharge? | The cylinder won’t have enough pressure to discharge properly. |
| (410. Characteristics of fire extinguishing systems)3. What shape are aircraft fire extinguisher containers? | Spherical |
| (410. Characteristics of fire extinguishing systems)4. What prevents leakage between the bonnet assembly and container during discharge? | A rubber O-ring packing |
| (410. Characteristics of fire extinguishing systems)5. How are squibs fired? | Applying 28 VDC to the squib |
| (410. Characteristics of fire extinguishing systems)6. What is incorporated in some two-shot systems to delay electrical current to the bonnet assemblies? | Time delay relay |
| (410. Characteristics of fire extinguishing systems)7. What does a flashing red light in a fire emergency control handle (T-handle) indicated? | An overheat |
| (410. Characteristics of fire extinguishing systems)8. What steps should be taken to remove liquid fire extinguishing agents if moisture or high temperature was present? | 1.Purge the area and surface with clean, dry air 2.Clean the affected areas with applicable cleaning solution and rinse with clean, fresh water 3.Drain the excess water and dry the area with cloths, paper towels, or air pressure no greater than 10 PSI 4.A |
| (411. Fuel storage)1. What is usually found at the lowest point of a fuel tank? | A sump and a drain |
| (411. Fuel storage)2. What is installed in fighter aircraft fuel tanks that prevent fuel sloshing and reduce the potential for fuel ignition or explosion if the aircraft is hit by enemy fire? | Foam blocks |
| (411. Fuel storage)3. Which fuel tank type is made of a rubber or nylon material and conforms to the shape of the vacant cavity within the fuselage where it sits? | Bladder-type (fuselage). |
| (411. Fuel storage)4. Which type of fuel tank is not removable and is not self-sealing? | Integral (wing) |
| (412. Fuel pumps)1. What is the primary purpose of a centrifugal pump? | Pressurize the fuel manifold. |
| (412. Fuel pumps)2. What distinct advantage do centrifugal-type pumps have over other types of pumps? | They tend to run cooler because there is no contact between the rotating impeller and the stationary housing of the pump body |
| (412. Fuel pumps)3. Why must the centrifugal-type pump be installed at a location where fuel will flow to the pump’s inlet? | Because the centrifugal-type pump is not self-priming |
| (412. Fuel pumps)4. How are centrifugal-type pumps driven? | Hydraulic power or electricity |
| (412. Fuel pumps)5. Which pump consists of an electric motor and a shaft with circular vanes at the end? | Rotary vane-type pumps. |
| (412. Fuel pumps)6. When would a rotor vane-type pump most likely be used? | Scavenging operations |
| (412. Fuel pumps)7. What principle applies to the operation of an ejector pump? | Venturi |
| (412. Fuel pumps)8. What is the function of the rotor in an air-refueling pump? | To remove fuel vapors caused by the centrifugal force of the impeller |
| (413. Fuel system valves)1. List two types of check valves. | Flapper and pressure-loading. |
| (413. Fuel system valves)2. What is the purpose of the small-drilled hole in the center of the flapper? | Allows some fuel to return from other parts of the system to lubricate a dry pump. |
| (413. Fuel system valves)3. How are pressure-loaded check valves opened? | By pump pressure only |
| (413. Fuel system valves)4. Why are shutoff valves installed in a manifold? | To control the flow of fuel or air through a manifold or into a tank. |
| (413. Fuel system valves)5. What is an advantage of the sliding gate shutoff valve? | It has the advantage of being able to control a large flow of fuel |
| (413. Fuel system valves)6. What components make up a rotary plug shutoff valve? | Valve body, and the motor and rotor plug. |
| (413. Fuel system valves)7. What type of seal is used between the disc and valve body of a disc type shutoff valve? | O-ring |
| (413. Fuel system valves)8. What is the purpose of a fuel-level control valve? | Provides for the automatic control of the fuel level during the filling of a fuel tank |
| (413. Fuel system valves)9. Piston-type fuel level control valves operate on what principle? | Hydromechanical |
| (413. Fuel system valves)10. How is the diaphragm-type valve controlled? | Electrically |
| (413. Fuel system valves)11. During fuel transfer or refueling, what are the four functions of the low-level shutoff valve? | 1.Close and prevent fuel from being transferred out of the tank e 2.Open and allow fuel to transfer out of the tank 3.Close and prevent pressurized air from entering the fuel system 4.Close and prevent a reverse fuel-flow |
| (413. Fuel system valves)12. What controls the operation of the fuel control valve in a combination fuel control valve and pilot valve | The pilot valve |
| (413. Fuel system valves)13. What condition may cause a temporary malfunction of a vent float valve? | Frozen condensation within the valve. |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)1. What is the definition of a switch? | A component used to open or close an electrical circuit or to select paths through the circuit. |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)2. List three types of fuel-controlled switches | Pressure, float, and fuel-flow indicator |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)3. How does a pressure switch work to indicate fuel pressure? | If there is sufficient fuel pressure in the manifold, the diaphragm actuates the micro switch, which completes the electrical circuit across the terminal and illuminates a pressure indicator light to indicate fuel pressure |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)4. How are float switches actuated? | By fuel level |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)5. What switch indicates a flow or no flow condition? | Fuel-flow indicating switch. |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)6. List two types of fuel quantity indicating switches. | The DC liquid-level and capacitance-type. |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)7. What type of fuel quantity indicating system uses the potentiometer wiper mechanism? | The DC liquid-level type |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)8. The capacitance-type fuel indicating system shows how much fuel is in a tank, using what form of measurement? | Pounds of fuel |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)9. What component controls the amount of pressure entering a fuel tank? | Air pressure regulator |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)10. If the air pressure regulator fails, what unit will relieve the excess pressure? | The pressure/vacuum relief valve |
| (414. Miscellaneous fuel system components)11. What item of a disconnect coupling prevents fuel leakage from an installed external tank? | An O-ring |
| (415. Fuel systems)1. What is the purpose of the aircraft fuel system? | Stores fuel and delivers the proper amount of clean fuel at the right pressure to meet the demands of the engine |
| (415. Fuel systems)2. What are the four components of the engine feed system? | Pumps, check valves, shutoff valves, and thermal relief valves. |
| (415. Fuel systems)3. If a pump fails to operate, what component prevents the reverse flow of fuel through the pump? | Check valves |
| (415. Fuel systems)4. What controls all shutoff valves in an engine feed system? | Throttles |
| (415. Fuel systems)5. What is the purpose of thermal relief valves? | To relieve pressure from heat-expanded fuel. |
| (415. Fuel systems)6. What is the purpose of the crossfeed system? | To ensure fuel is supplied to the engines at all times |
| (415. Fuel systems)7. What are the three methods used to transfer fuel? | Pump, air pressure, and gravity flow |
| (415. Fuel systems)8. What component controls fuel level in the receiving tank during fuel transfer? | Fuel level control valve |
| (415. Fuel systems)9. How is a fuel control valve controlled? | Either by the solenoid or the pilot float. |
| (415. Fuel systems)10. What components are required during gravity transfer of fuel? | Shutoff valve and float valve. |
| (415. Fuel systems)11. Where are vent ports located? | Top of the fuel tank |
| (415. Fuel systems)12. Describe the purpose of the fuel pressurization system | The system is designed to maintain air pressure in the tanks to minimize fuel boiling and, in some cases, to transfer fuel |
| (415. Fuel systems)13. What system is used to remove residual fuel from a manifold? | Scavenge |
| (416. Fueling operations)1. Define fueling | The filling of a tank or tanks with fuel from an external source |
| (416. Fueling operations)2. What is the most common method used to refuel an aircraft? | Single point |
| (416. Fueling operations)3. During refueling, when all tanks are filled, what happens to the fuel pressure? | It increases |
| (416. Fueling operations)4. What is the fuel servicing safety zone? | It is the area within 50 feet of a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component; and 25 feet around aircraft fuel vent outlets |
| (416. Fueling operations)5. What grounding procedures must be followed to properly ground the fuel truck and the aircraft during a defueling operation? | The aircraft and fuel tank must be bonded together and connected to a low-resistance ground |
| (416. Fueling operations)6. Name two advantages of having aerial refueling capabilities. | Greatly extends the range of the aircraft and permits takeoffs with much greater loads than would otherwise be possible |
| (416. Fueling operations)7. How is the aerial refueling receptacle operated and controlled? | Operated hydraulically and controlled electrically |
| (417. Fuel contamination)1. Name the principal contaminants that reduce the quality of fuel. | Water, foreign particles, microbial growth, and sediment |
| (417. Fuel contamination)2. List some of the problems that water in the fuel can cause | Free water can cause icing of the aircraft fuel system, usually in the aircraft boost-pump screens and low- pressure filters. Fuel gage readings may become erratic because the water short-circuits the aircrafts electrical fuel cell quantity probe. Larg |
| (417. Fuel contamination)3. List some of the most common types of foreign particles that can show up in fuel. | Rust, sand or dust, aluminum and magnesium compounds, brass shavings, and rubber |
| (417. Fuel contamination) 4. Which color of rust indicates magnetic particles? | Black |
| (417. Fuel contamination)5. Sediment in fuel appears in what forms? | Dust, powder, fibrous material, grains, flakes, or stain |
| (417. Fuel contamination)6. What are the two categories of sediment? | Coarse and fine. |
| (417. Fuel contamination)7. Define fine sediment | Particles smaller than 10 microns |
| (417. Fuel contamination)8. Name two measures you can take to ensure that you do your part in keeping a clean fuel supply | Don’t drag fuel hose nozzles on the ground. Keep dust caps on. Do not dump hydraulic fluid, oil, or any other substance besides fuel into bowsers. Immediately close and lock bowser lids when dumping is complete |
| (417. Fuel contamination)8. Name two measures you can take to ensure that you do your part in keeping a clean fuel supply | Cap disconnected fuel lines when performing maintenance on any fuel component. Change filter elements on fuel filter assemblies anytime a fuel filter assembly is removed, whether due to an extended differential pressure indicator or just to facilitate oth |
| (418. Fuel leak classification)1. Why is classification of fuel leaks necessary? | To differentiate between those leaks that constitute a flight safety hazard and require repair before flight, and those that do not require immediate repair. |
| (418. Fuel leak classification)2. What must you use to wipe down a fuel leak? | Wipe the area dry with a clean, static-free, absorbent cloth to assist the drying process |
| (418. Fuel leak classification)3. How many leak categories are there and what are they? | 4; Class A, B, C, and D. |
| (418. Fuel leak classification)4. When in doubt about which class a fuel leak is, what should you do? | Classify it to the next highest category. |
| (418. Fuel leak classification)5. What are the five leak location identified for fuel leak evaluation purposes? | External, internal vented, internal non-vented, electrical conduit, and external mounted components |
| (418. Fuel leak classification)6. What is determined when crossing the leak category with the leak location? | Condition/action |
| (418. Fuel leak classification)7. In addition to AFTO form 781A or 781K, what form must you document fuel leaks if automated data systems are not available? | AFTO Form 427, Aircraft Integral Fuel Tank Repair Historical Record |
| (419. Jet engine principles)1. When the opening of a filled balloon is closed, why is there no action on the balloon? | Because the pressure of the gas inside the balloon is exerted equally in all directions |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_(1) Ability to do work | Energy |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_ (2) A force moves an object | Work |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_ (3) The tendency of an object to maintain its direction or speed | Inertia |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_(4) Sometimes thought of as a physical effort | Work |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_ (5) Commonly expressed as Btus. | Heat |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_ (6) Reduced by using lubricants. | Friction |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_ (7) Equals force times distance. | Work |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_(8) Kinetic and potential | Energy |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_ (9) Rate of doing work | Power |
| (419. Jet engine principles)_ (10) A type of energy that results from molecular motion. | Heat |
| (419. Jet engine principles)3. What type of energy does a falling object possess? | Kinetic energy |
| (419. Jet engine principles)4. Can energy pass from potential to kinetic and back to potential? | Yes |
| (419. Jet engine principles)5. What is Newton’s first law of motion? | A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion continues to move at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force |
| (419. Jet engine principles)6. What is Newton’s second law of motion? | An unbalanced force on a body produces, or tends to produce, an acceleration in the direction of the force, and that acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body |
| (419. Jet engine principles)7. Which law of physics best explains how a jet engine produces forward thrust? | Newton’s third law of motion |
| (419. Jet engine principles)8. State Bernoulli’s principle | When the speed of a stream of gas increases, the pressure of the gas decreases; and when the speed of the gas decreases, the pressure increases |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)1. When a jet engine reaches idle speed, what determines how the fuel control regulates engine speed? | Power lever setting |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)2. What two forms of energy does a jet engine produce? | Thrust and heat. |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)3. Approximately what percent of the energy produced by the fuel is needed to maintain the jet engine operating cycle? | 60 |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)4. Where is the point of highest pressure within a jet engine? | In the diffuser section |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)5. On a jet engine that does not have an afterburner, where is the point of highest temperature? | In the combustion section. |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)6. Where is the point of highest airflow velocity in a jet engine? | At the ejector nozzle. |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)7. What is the purpose of the turbine stator? | To increase the velocity of the gases striking the turbine blades. |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)8. After the gases leave the turbine section and enter the exhaust section, what type of velocity do they have? | Axial |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)9. What straightens the flowpath of gases in the exhaust case? | The vanes in the exhaust case. |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)10. In a multistage turbine, what is the arrangement of the shafts? | One shaft is hollow, allowing the other shaft to operate inside it |
| (420. Principles of the jet engine operating cycle)11. Which turbine drives the front compressor on a dual-spool engine? | The rear turbine. |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)1. What is a turbojet engine? | An air-dependent, thermal, jet propulsion device |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)2. Name the three main sections of a gas turbine engine. | Compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)3. What are the two types of compressors used in jet engines? | Centrifugal and axial-flow. |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)4. How do pressure pulsations in a centrifugal compressor present themselves? | As shock waves or irregular movement of air through the compressor |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)5. What effect do pressure pulsations have on a compressor? | Rapidly reduced efficiency. |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors) 6. Why is it not desirable to use multiple-stage centrifugal compressors to increase the pressure ratio? | Because of the complicated construction and increased weight of the engine that would result. |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)7. What two needs stimulated the development of the axial-flow compressors? | More power and a more economical engine. |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)8. How does the air pass through an axial-flow compressor? | The air travels rearward along the axis of the engine, and the air pressure is increased at each stage of compression |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)9. How are axial-flow compressor rotor blades similar to an aircraft propeller? | They both are airfoil shaped and move an air mass |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)10. What is the purpose of the stationary vanes that are located behind each rotor wheel in the single- spool axial-flow compressor? | They direct the air onto the blades of the succeeding rotor wheel and also cause the air pressure to increase |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)11. How are the compressor rotor blades and stator vanes arranged in a multiple-stage, axial-flow compressor? | The rotor blades are graduated from long to short through the stages of compression. The stator vanes are also graduated in size to correspond in length with the rotor blades. |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)12. Identify two reasons the dual-spool axial-flow compressor was designed | Ease of starting and reduction of compressor stalls |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)13. What unit determines the speed of the N2 (high-pressure) rotor in a dual-spool compressor? | The fuel control |
| (421. Characteristics of engine compressors)14. Which type of compressor is more durable, the axial-flow or the centrifugal? | Centrifugal. |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)1. Why is getting good combustion in a gas turbine engine so complex? | Because the fuel and air must combine rapidly, the combustion process must not use excessive energy and space, and the combustion chamber must not overheat |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)2. What is “combustion efficiency”? | A measure of the ability of the combustion chamber to burn the fuel completely and to mix the elements thoroughly with the remainder of the air charge before the gases reach the turbine nozzle |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)3. How is combustion efficiency computed? | By comparing the heat energy received by the air as it passes through a test combustion chamber with the known energy that was added to the chamber in the form of fuel |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)4. What are two by-products of combustion? | Carbon deposits and carbon monoxide |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)5. What are the two purposes of the combustion section? | To burn the fuel and to deliver the resulting gas to the turbine at a temperature that does not exceed a predetermined limit for the particular engine in use |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)6. What is the approximate air-to-fuel ratio used for the actual burning process in a combustion chamber? | 15:1 |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)7. Name the three types of combustion chambers | Can, annular, and can-annular |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)8. What supports the annular-type combustion chamber in the front and rear? | The front of the chamber is attached to the burner support, and the rear of the chamber is supported on the outside by the stator blade support ring of the first-stage turbine and on the inside by the stator inlet ring of the first-stage turbine |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)9. How does the additional air that is required to support combustion and cool the annular combus- tion chamber reach the chamber walls? | Through elongated slots and round holes in the sections of the chamber walls |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)10. What supports the can-annular combustion chambers within the combustion section on certain engines? | Fuel nozzles in the front and turbine nozzle case at the rear |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)11. What is the purpose of a fuel nozzle? | To introduce fuel into the combustion chamber |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)12. Multiple-fuel nozzles are used for what two purposes? | To handle large quantities of fuel with even distribution and to minimize the variation that might be caused by a clogging of any one of the nozzles |
| (422. Characteristics of the combustion section)13. In a dual-orifice type of fuel nozzle, fuel is injected into the engine combustion chamber from which orifices for high-engine-thrust operation? | Both the primary and secondary orifices |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)1. Name the three types of turbines | Impulse, reaction, and reaction-impulse. |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)2. What type of turbine design is used on most jet engines? | Reaction-impulse |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)3. What is inserted between the rotating blades on multiple-stage turbines? | Stationary turbine nozzle vanes |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)4. What characteristics and values must be considered when designing turbines? | Exhaust gas flow rate, shaft RPM, turbine inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures, turbine exhaust velocity, and the required power output. |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)5. What is the most frequently used method of attaching the turbine blades to the rotor disc? | The fir tree method |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)6. Describe the “fir tree attachment.” | A series of grooves and notches broached in the rim of the turbine rotor disc. |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)7. What three types of fasteners are used to secure the turbine blades to the rotor disc? | Steel pins, lock strips, and rivets |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)8. What are the two principal turbine blade configurations? | Shrouded and unshrouded. |
| (423. Facts about the turbine section)9. What three things does the shroud on shrouded turbine blades do? | Reduce blade vibration, improve airflow, and increase engine efficiency |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)1. The term “exhaust duct” refers to what? | The engine exhaust pipe (or tailpipe) connecting the turbine outlet and the jet nozzle of a nonaugmenter engine |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)2. What are two purposes of the engine exhaust duct? | To collect and straighten the gas flow that comes from the turbine and to increase the velocity of the gases before they are discharged from the exhaust nozzle |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)3. What may occur if you alter the exhaust nozzle? | Changes in engine performance and exhaust gas temperature. |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)4. Why are small tabs placed in the engine exhaust nozzles of some engines? | To correct exhaust gas temperature |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)5. An augmenter is classified as what type of an engine? | A ramjet engine |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)6. What is the purpose of a variable area orifice at the augmenter exhaust nozzle exit? | To schedule the nozzle area to obtain the desired thrust within the safe operating limits of the engine |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)7. What effect should augmenter operation have on engine operation? | None |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)8. Define the term screech. | A condition of periodic violent pressure fluctuation in the augmenter duct, resulting from cyclic vibration due to the unsteady release of combustion energy |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)9. What two parts will most likely deteriorate or fail if moderate or severe screech is not checked? | The flameholder or augmenter duct |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)10. How is screech controlled? | By placing screech liners in the augmenter duct. |
| (424. Characteristics of the exhaust system)11. What two things does the flameholder in the augmenter do? | Creates local turbulence and reduces the gas velocity in the vicinity of the flame |
| (425. Types of jet engines)1. What are two drawbacks of the turbojet engine? | Inefficient fuel use when flown below Mach 2 speeds and the amount of noise they generate |
| (425. Types of jet engines)2. What makes the turbofan engine more desirable than basic turbojet engines? | Capable of turbojet performance at higher speeds, while maintaining the shorter take-off capability offered by the turboprop engine |
| (425. Types of jet engines)3. What are the major sections of a turboprop engine? | Reduction gearbox assembly, a torquemeter assembly, and a gas turbine power section |
| (426. Characteristics of jet engine fuel systems components)1. What devices reduce the potential for engine flameout? | Compressor bleed valves, variable-pitch stator blades, surge dampeners, variable inlet guide vanes, and other devices |
| (426. Characteristics of jet engine fuel systems components)2. What does a “rich blowout” mean? | An over rich mixture flameout |
| (426. Characteristics of jet engine fuel systems components)3. What types of fuel controls do most modern aircraft use? | Either a hydromechanical, electrohydromechanical, or a “unified” fuel control |
| (426. Characteristics of jet engine fuel systems components)4. What factors affect the hydromechanical fuel control operation? | Engine air inlet temperature, compressor discharge pressure, turbine RPM, and power lever angle |
| (426. Characteristics of jet engine fuel systems components)5. What fuel control system uses a computer such as a digital electronic engine control (DEEC), digital engine control (DEC), or an electronic engine control (EEC) for primary fuel-flow control? | An electrohydromechanical system. |
| (426. Characteristics of jet engine fuel systems components)6. What component regulates and distributes fuel for the most efficient engine operation at all power settings? | Fuel pumps |
| (426. Characteristics of jet engine fuel systems components)7. What component provides a leaner fuel mixture for engine starting? | The fuel derichment valve |
| (426. Characteristics of jet engine fuel systems components)8. What valve drains the fuel manifold on shutdown? | Pressurizing and dump (P&D) valve |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)1. What are the principal purposes of an oil system? | Clean, cool, and lubricate |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)2. What gives a visual indication of oil level on some oil tanks? | Sight gauges |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)3. Classified as to function, what two basic pumps are used in a jet engine oil system? | Pressure pump and the scavenge pump. |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)4. Classified as to structure, what three types of pumps are used most often in jet engine oil systems? Which of these three is the most common? | Gear, gerotor, and sliding vane; gear type |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__1. Allows a flow of oil in only one direction | Check valve |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__2. Consists of a gear and a rotor within a housing. | Gerotor-type pump |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)_3. Allows unfiltered oil to flow through the oil system if the filter element becomes clogged. | Bypass valve |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__4. Lightweight, welded, sheet metal containers formed to the exterior of the engine | Oil tank |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)_5. Separates the air from the oil | Deaerator |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__6. Is used to direct the flow of oil onto the gears and bearings. | Oil nozzle |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__7. May be of the paper type which is replaced when dirty. | Micronic-type filter |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__8. Indicates possible failure of engine bearings, gears, oil pumps, or other oil-wetted parts | Chip detectors |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__9. Normally set several pounds above the normal operating pressure. | Nonadjustable relief valve |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)_10. Is the most widely used type of valve in the oil system | Check valve |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)_11. Allows oil to flow into the oil cooler at a predetermined temperature. | Bypass valve |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__12. Is often immediately preceded by a small screen placed in the oil line | Oil nozzle |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)__13. Is an inspection device that metal chips and particles adhere to | Chip detectors |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)6. How do air/oil coolers cool the oil? | By passing hot engine oil through the core of the cooler and passing ram air over the core |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)7. How do fuel/oil coolers cool the oil? | By having fuel flowing into the tubes of the cooler and oil flowing around the fuel-filled cooler tubes |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)8. What are the two types of oil nozzles? | Restrictive tube and internal passage. |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)9. What is the purpose of oil system seals? | To prevent the loss of fluid. |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)10. List three types of oil seals used in jet engines. | Synthetic, labyrinth, and carbon |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)11. What two items should you check prior to replacing seals? | The cure date and part number |
| (427. Characteristics of engine oil systems)12. Define the following terms associated with oil system seals. | (a) The date of manufacture of the seals. (b) A component designed to provide a seal between two moving parts or to provide a running seal. (c) A component designed to provide a seal between two stationary parts. |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)1. What two factors are essential for jet engine starting? | The engine must be motored to an RPM that provides sufficient air for combustion and after this starting combustion, the engine must be accelerated to the point where the power developed by the turbine is adequate for a self-sustaining operation |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)2. What are the four types of starters typically found on Air Force aircraft? | (1) Air turbine (impingement), (2) pneumatic, (3) cartridge-pneumatic, and (4) gearboxsystem starters. |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)_1. Applies low-pressure air from an auxiliary power unit directly to the engine rotor assembly | Air turbine (impingement) starter |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)_2. Mechanically rotates engines through a series of gears and shafts | Gearbox |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)_3. The air supply must be of sufficient volume and pressure to consistently produce successful engine starts within the specified time limits | Pneumatic starter |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)_4. Less weight and fewer moving parts are key advantages | Air turbine (impingement) starter |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)_5. Gas-driven turbine wheel coupled to the engine through a reduction gear system and an overrunning clutch | Cartridge-pneumatic starter |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)_6. One of the most common starters used on gas turbine engines. | Pneumatic starter |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)4. What is meant when it is said that the cartridge-pneumatic starter is self-contained? | Self-contained implies that the starter has the ability to start the engine without the use of ground support equipment |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)5. In a gearbox-type starter system, what connects to the engine gearbox and turns the engine compressor by way of a vertical gear shaft (tower shaft)? | A power takeoff (PTO) shaft |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)6. What are the three types of ignition systems discussed in this lesson? | An AC system, a DC system, and a high-energy capacitor type |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)7. In the engine ignition system the AC voltage is stepped up to approximately how many volts by high-ratio transformers? | 20,000 volts |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)8. What are the main parts of a direct-current ignition system? | A vibrator, a transformer, and igniter plugs |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)9. What function does the vibrator unit in the DC ignition system perform? | It changes the 28 volts of direct current into a pulsating current so that the voltage may be stepped up through the transformer |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)10. What is the purpose of having two complete high-energy capacitor-type ignition systems on each engine? | Safety—if one fails, you have another system as a redundant backup |
| (428. Characteristics of engine starter and ignition systems)11. What component provides high-temperature spark for engine starting? | Igniter plug |
| (429. Characteristics of engine indicating systems)1. In addition to being light in weight and small in size, what other requirement must aircraft instruments meet? | Easy to read |
| (429. Characteristics of engine indicating systems)2. Oil pressure indicators measure pressure in what unit of measurement? | Pounds per square inch (PSI). |
| (429. Characteristics of engine indicating systems)3. What positions can be selected by the oil temperature select switch? | Individual engine temperatures (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), maximizing (M), and TEST (T). |
| (429. Characteristics of engine indicating systems)4. How is a tachometer powered? | By a tachometer (tach) generator. |
| (429. Characteristics of engine indicating systems)5. What does an N1 gauge typically indicate? | The low-pressure compressor speed in percent RPM. |
| (429. Characteristics of engine indicating systems)6. What does the EPR system for each engine consist of? | Pressure probes, a transducer unit, and an engine pressure ratio indicator |
| (429. Characteristics of engine indicating systems)7. How is engine fuel-flow measured? | Pounds per hour (pph). |
| (429. Characteristics of engine indicating systems)8. What dissimilar metals are used in thermocouples? | Alumel and chromel |
| (430. Principles of the Joint Oil Analysis Program (JOAP))1. What is used to analyze oil samples and determine the identity of metal particles worn from oil- wetted parts? | Spectrometric oil analysis. |
| (430. Principles of the Joint Oil Analysis Program (JOAP))2. What are the three major benefits of the Joint Oil Analysis Program (JOAP)? | (1) Improved safety. (2) Reduced maintenance cost. (3) Increased equipment availability |
| (430. Principles of the Joint Oil Analysis Program (JOAP))3. What are the three basic techniques for taking a sample? | (1) Dip tube sampling. (2) Drain/valve sampling. (3) Pump/syringe sampling |
| (430. Principles of the Joint Oil Analysis Program (JOAP))4. Why should you never use mouth suction to fill the sampling tube? | Many fluids are highly toxic and may cause paralysis and/or death. |
| (430. Principles of the Joint Oil Analysis Program (JOAP))5. When taking an oil sample how full should you fill the bottle? | Fill to approximately ½ inch from the top |
| (431. JOAP safety and sampling)1. If you have to cut a sampling tube to make it the correct length, how should it be cut? | Cleanly at a 45 degree angle |
| (431. JOAP safety and sampling)2. At a minimum, what personal protective equipment must you wear when taking a JOAP sample? | Goggles and gloves |
| (431. JOAP safety and sampling)3. What problem most frequently affects sample integrity? | Contamination |
| (431. JOAP safety and sampling)4. What are the two categories of oil samples that you may be required to take? | Routine and special |
| (431. JOAP safety and sampling)5. What TO gives instructions on how to fill out a DD Form 2026? | 33–1–37–1, Joint Oil Analysis Program Manual |
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