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bio 31 lab test

Question	Answer
ocular	(eyepiece) 10 C magnifies image
Revolving nosepiece	rotates objective lenses into viewing position
objectives	magnifies image
condenser	focuses light on specimen and fills lens with light
diaphragm lever	controls amount of light entering stage apeture
light	illuminates specimen
base	supports microscope
mechanical stage adjustment knob	moves slide about on stage
stage aperture	allows light to reach specimen
fine-adjusted knob	slowly brings specimen into focus
coarse adjustment knob	raises and lowers condenser
mechanical stage	includes slide holder and is generally graduated to help relocation of specimens
arm	holds head after rotation
thumb wheel	adjusts distance between oculars to match the microspcpists interpupillary distance
ubiquity	culture from environment
bacterial colony	one million microorganisms
media	nutrients and environment
culture	to grow reproduction
broth	liquid
solid	agar
agar	"solidifying agent"
agar plates	separate microbes
slant	short term memory
deep	long term storage
auto clare	pressure cooker used to sterilize media
sterile	free of any life
microscope setting stages:	1. slide adjust/on stage
ocular micrometer	ruler in eyepiece
stage micrometer	slide that has a "ruler" etched on it
calibrations high power 450X	2.3 mm
oil immersion 1000X	1.0 mm
ubiquity	culture from environment (microorganisms are everywhere)
bacterial colony	one million microorganisms
hemolysis	destruction of red blood cells
inoculating loope	inoculate microorganisms into broth or solid media
inoculating needles	"stab" deep media
soild	agar slant
transfer instruments	wire loops and needles
cultivation chambers	waterbaths
isolation of pure culture	streak plate
aseptic	w/o contamination
turbity	cloudliness
serratia marcescens	red pigment @ room temperatures
acidic	negative
basic	positive
fixation:	heat denaturation of protein
primary stain (crystal violet)	binds to cell
mordant (iodine)	forms insoluble complex with primary stain
decolorizer (alcohol)	destains gram negative bacteria/ gram positive remain purple
counterstain (safranin)	destained gram negative bacteria stain pink/red
gram positive will be stained	purple
gram negative	pink
"gram"	comes from the name of the man who invented this stain
nigrosin	used in negative staining
What stain is not heat fixed? (it is a good stain for determining size	morphology
micrococcus luteus	gram positive occurs
spore coat	thick layer of peptidoglycan; resistant to both heat and drying.
spores primary stain (malachite green)	basic stain
spores decolorizer (water)	washes out malachite green (aq); endospores=green
spores counterstain (gram's safranin)	basic stain
"acid-fast" technique	differential staining procedure
mycobacteria	possess a waxy (lipoidal) cell wall component
kinyoun method primary stain (kinyoun carbol fuchsin)	penetrates and binds to mycolic acid in cell wall
kinyoun method decolorizer (alcohol)	remoces carbol fuchsin from non-acid fast bacterial cell walls
kinyoun method counterstain (aqeous methylene blue)	de-stained bacteria will stain pale blue
capsule	extracellular layer of stick
what is the capsule composed of	most cases uncharged polysaccharides
dextran	produced by streptococcus mutans
what charge do capsules have	non-ionic
albumin	egg whites
gycocalyx	polysaccharides
slime layer	thin
monotrichous	single flagella
lophotrichous	a tuft at one end
amphitrichous	tufts at both end
peritrichous	distributed around the edge of the entire bacterium
formazan	insoluble pigment
motility	flagella fimbrae
brownian motion	moving up and down
pure culture	one species
two techniques to pure culture	a)streak method b) pour plate method
Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology and bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology	contain cultural characteristics information for all known bacteria
cultural characteristic	used to help identify bacteria (appearance)
chemically defined media	contain known amounts of specific organic or inorganic compounds
artificial media	are composed of complex substances whose exact composition is not known
fastidious	bacteria that require enrichment with plant and animal tissue extract
selective media	are formulated to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of desired ones
differential media	implies that organisms grown on it exhibit differences in appearance
mannitol salt (MS)agar	selective for bacteria that tolerate high NaCl concentrations and differential for those organisms taht ferment mannitol
mac connkey (MAC) agar	selective for gram negative bacteria
What agar is used for urine and stool samples	MAC agar Bc it has a pH indicator
eosin- methylene blue (EMB) agar	slective for gram negative bacteria
hektoen enteric (HE) agar	selective for gram negative enteric pathogens (i.e. salmonella and shigella)
rose agar	selective for gram-positive bacteria
why does rose agar have blood?	the presence of blood in this media provides information
alpha (partial) hemolysis	hemoglobin in red blood cells is reduced to methemoglobin (PO4 is extruded) resulting in a green color (halo) This is not true hemolysis
beta (true) hemolysis	red blood cells are lysed with the complete destruction of hemoglobin resulting in a clear halo around colonies
gamma (no) hemolysis	absence of lysis on red blood cells
denaturation	when enzymes lose their catalytic capabilites
optimum growth temperature	reproduction is the most rapid
psychorphiles	bacteria which grow in temperatures ranging from -5c-20c
mesophiles	have a growth range from 20-45 degrees celsius
thermophiles	grow best at temperatures ranging from 35-60 degrees celsius
obligate thermophils	will grow only at temperatures above 50 degrees celsiu
many of the bacteria can survive and even grow within a pH range of	4-9
acidophile pH	0-5.4
neutrophil ph	5.5-8.4
alkalinophile ph	8.5-11.5
strict anaerobes	organisms that do not grow at all in the presence of oxygen
facultative anaerobes	organisms that grow int he presence of oxygen but can utilize other molecules
aerobic cells	oxygen final electron acceptor
obligate aerobe	surface growth
facultative anaerobic	growth throughout
strict anaerobe	growth only at bottom
microaerophile	growth below the surface
Why should you NOT lower the body of the microscope while looking through the ocular lens?	You should not raise the stage of the microscope while looking through the ocular lens because you will focus on the surface of the condenser lens.
What is the purpose of immersion oil? With which objective is it used?	Immersion oil is a technique used to increase the resolution of a microscope. It is used with 97x or 100x oil immersion objective.
Can the same calibration factor be used to determine the size of a microorganism examined using different objectives? Explain.	No
Why is a straight inoculation needle used to inoculate agar deeps?	A straight inoculation needle is used to inoculate agar deeps because you want to penetrate into the bacteria with as little air as possible. It is also used to determine the shape of the hole digested by the bacteria.
Why are basic dyes more effective for bacterial staining than acidic dyes?	Bacterial cells have a negative charge
During the preparation of a simple stain you forget to heat fix the specimen. How would you expect this slide to differ from one correctly prepared?	The organism will not stick on to the slide and will wash off the slide. If any cell remain
What are the advantages of differential staining over simple staining?	A simple stain is used to determine cell shape and arrangement. A differential stain is used to distinguish kinds of bacteria based on their reaction to the differential stain.
Which is the most crucial step in the gram staining procedure?	The most crucial step in the gram staining procedure is the decolorizer with the 95% ethyl alcohol. It is the most crucial because if you keep it on for too long it will remove the cells off the microscopic slide.
Can methylene blue be used in place of nigrosin for negative staining of bacteria?	No because methylene blue is basic and nigrosin is acidic. When doing a negative stain you don't want to use a positively charged stain because you will not be able to see the negatively charged organisms.
Why do bacteria remain unstained in a negative stain?	Because the stain will not penetrate the cells due to the negative charge on the surface of bacteria. That is why the cell remain unstained against the black background and the organism appears transparent.
Why must heat be used with application of the primary stain during acid-fast staining?	Heat is used with application of the primary stain during acid-fast staining because it is fixing the bacteria on the slide. The primary stain in this case
What disease is diagnosed using this stain?	A positive acid fast bacteria Kinyoun stain would indicate the presence of M. tuberculosis.
What is the medical significance of the capsule?	The medical significance of the capsule is that it "hides" the bacteria to disguise it to protect it from phagocytosis so that the white blood cells can not attack it.
Why are living	unstained bacteria more difficult to observe than stained preparations?
Why should living specimens be observed?	Living specimens should be observed because you can see their motility.
Describe the criteria used to distinguish Brownian movement from true	directed motility.
Define sediment.	when the appearance (scum) of growth is on the bottom of the broth media
Pellicle	when the appearance (scum) of growth is on the surface of the broth media.
spectrophotometer	measure turbidity
defined	chemically defined i.e. inorganic salts-> not growth because it lacs carbon
real defined media	glucose salts
nutrient broth	undefined- grow faster because of proteins and amino acid
enrichment complex	has vitamins (yeast) NB+YE should grow better in this than nutrient broth
If you see yellow in mannitol what does it mean?	it is being fermented
When MAC ferments it is what color in a media?	pink
In EMB fermentation is what color	pink-purple
In emb for reasons unknown ecoli is	green metallic sheen
When HE ferments it is what color	browtn theymole blue
He produces H2S what color is the colony?	black
viable cell count	only count living cells
what is the only way to know if the cell is viable?	if it forms a colony
obligate aerobe	surface growth
facultative anaerobic	more on tope
aerotolerant anaerobe	growth throughout
strict anaerobe	growth only at bottom
microaerophile	growth below the surface.
what growth range is S. Marcescens in	mesophiles
What growth range is ecoli	mesophile
what growth range is A. Psychrophile	A. Faecalis
what growth range is B. Stearothermophilus	thermophile
What growth range is S. Cerevisiae	mesohile
What didn't grow mannitol	e coli
What didn't grow in mac conkey	s. aureus
What didnt grow in eosin- methylene blue	s aureus
what didn't grow in the rose agar	e colie
what didnt grow in he	s.aureus
Smarcescens	mesophile
Ecolie	mesophile
A faecalis	facultative psychrophile
B. stearothermophilus	thermophile
S Cerevisiae	mesophile
M. luteus	Obligate aerobe
B. cereus	facultative anaerobe
E.coli	facultative anaerobe
C. sporogenes	stric anaerobe
ocular	(eyepiece) 10 C magnifies image
Revolving nosepiece	rotates objective lenses into viewing position
objectives	magnifies image
condenser	focuses light on specimen and fills lens with light
diaphragm lever	controls amount of light entering stage apeture
light	illuminates specimen
base	supports microscope
mechanical stage adjustment knob	moves slide about on stage
stage aperture	allows light to reach specimen
fine-adjusted knob	slowly brings specimen into focus
coarse adjustment knob	raises and lowers condenser
mechanical stage	includes slide holder and is generally graduated to help relocation of specimens
arm	holds head after rotation
thumb wheel	adjusts distance between oculars to match the microspcpists interpupillary distance
ubiquity	culture from environment
bacterial colony	one million microorganisms
media	nutrients and environment
culture	to grow reproduction
broth	liquid
solid	agar
agar	"solidifying agent"
agar plates	separate microbes
slant	short term memory
deep	long term storage
auto clare	pressure cooker used to sterilize media
sterile	free of any life
microscope setting stages:	1. slide adjust/on stage
ocular micrometer	ruler in eyepiece
stage micrometer	slide that has a "ruler" etched on it
calibrations high power 450X	2.3 mm
oil immersion 1000X	1.0 mm
ubiquity	culture from environment (microorganisms are everywhere)
bacterial colony	one million microorganisms
hemolysis	destruction of red blood cells
inoculating loope	inoculate microorganisms into broth or solid media
inoculating needles	"stab" deep media
soild	agar slant
transfer instruments	wire loops and needles
cultivation chambers	waterbaths
isolation of pure culture	streak plate
aseptic	w/o contamination
turbity	cloudliness
serratia marcescens	red pigment @ room temperatures
acidic	negative
basic	positive
fixation:	heat denaturation of protein
primary stain (crystal violet)	binds to cell
mordant (iodine)	forms insoluble complex with primary stain
decolorizer (alcohol)	destains gram negative bacteria/ gram positive remain purple
counterstain (safranin)	destained gram negative bacteria stain pink/red
gram positive will be stained	purple
gram negative	pink
"gram"	comes from the name of the man who invented this stain
nigrosin	used in negative staining
What stain is not heat fixed? (it is a good stain for determining size	morphology
micrococcus luteus	gram positive occurs
spore coat	thick layer of peptidoglycan; resistant to both heat and drying.
spores primary stain (malachite green)	basic stain
spores decolorizer (water)	washes out malachite green (aq); endospores=green
spores counterstain (gram's safranin)	basic stain
"acid-fast" technique	differential staining procedure
mycobacteria	possess a waxy (lipoidal) cell wall component
kinyoun method primary stain (kinyoun carbol fuchsin)	penetrates and binds to mycolic acid in cell wall
kinyoun method decolorizer (alcohol)	remoces carbol fuchsin from non-acid fast bacterial cell walls
kinyoun method counterstain (aqeous methylene blue)	de-stained bacteria will stain pale blue
capsule	extracellular layer of stick
what is the capsule composed of	most cases uncharged polysaccharides
dextran	produced by streptococcus mutans
what charge do capsules have	non-ionic
albumin	egg whites
gycocalyx	polysaccharides
slime layer	thin
monotrichous	single flagella
lophotrichous	a tuft at one end
amphitrichous	tufts at both end
peritrichous	distributed around the edge of the entire bacterium
formazan	insoluble pigment
motility	flagella fimbrae
brownian motion	moving up and down
pure culture	one species
two techniques to pure culture	a)streak method b) pour plate method
Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology and bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology	contain cultural characteristics information for all known bacteria
cultural characteristic	used to help identify bacteria (appearance)
chemically defined media	contain known amounts of specific organic or inorganic compounds
artificial media	are composed of complex substances whose exact composition is not known
fastidious	bacteria that require enrichment with plant and animal tissue extract
selective media	are formulated to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of desired ones
differential media	implies that organisms grown on it exhibit differences in appearance
mannitol salt (MS)agar	selective for bacteria that tolerate high NaCl concentrations and differential for those organisms taht ferment mannitol
mac connkey (MAC) agar	selective for gram negative bacteria
What agar is used for urine and stool samples	MAC agar Bc it has a pH indicator
eosin- methylene blue (EMB) agar	slective for gram negative bacteria
hektoen enteric (HE) agar	selective for gram negative enteric pathogens (i.e. salmonella and shigella)
rose agar	selective for gram-positive bacteria
why does rose agar have blood?	the presence of blood in this media provides information
alpha (partial) hemolysis	hemoglobin in red blood cells is reduced to methemoglobin (PO4 is extruded) resulting in a green color (halo) This is not true hemolysis
beta (true) hemolysis	red blood cells are lysed with the complete destruction of hemoglobin resulting in a clear halo around colonies
gamma (no) hemolysis	absence of lysis on red blood cells
denaturation	when enzymes lose their catalytic capabilites
optimum growth temperature	reproduction is the most rapid
psychorphiles	bacteria which grow in temperatures ranging from -5c-20c
mesophiles	have a growth range from 20-45 degrees celsius
thermophiles	grow best at temperatures ranging from 35-60 degrees celsius
obligate thermophils	will grow only at temperatures above 50 degrees celsiu
many of the bacteria can survive and even grow within a pH range of	4-9
acidophile pH	0-5.4
neutrophil ph	5.5-8.4
alkalinophile ph	8.5-11.5
strict anaerobes	organisms that do not grow at all in the presence of oxygen
facultative anaerobes	organisms that grow int he presence of oxygen but can utilize other molecules
aerobic cells	oxygen final electron acceptor
obligate aerobe	surface growth
facultative anaerobic	growth throughout
strict anaerobe	growth only at bottom
microaerophile	growth below the surface
Why should you NOT lower the body of the microscope while looking through the ocular lens?	You should not raise the stage of the microscope while looking through the ocular lens because you will focus on the surface of the condenser lens.
What is the purpose of immersion oil? With which objective is it used?	Immersion oil is a technique used to increase the resolution of a microscope. It is used with 97x or 100x oil immersion objective.
Can the same calibration factor be used to determine the size of a microorganism examined using different objectives? Explain.	No
Why is a straight inoculation needle used to inoculate agar deeps?	A straight inoculation needle is used to inoculate agar deeps because you want to penetrate into the bacteria with as little air as possible. It is also used to determine the shape of the hole digested by the bacteria.
Why are basic dyes more effective for bacterial staining than acidic dyes?	Bacterial cells have a negative charge
During the preparation of a simple stain you forget to heat fix the specimen. How would you expect this slide to differ from one correctly prepared?	The organism will not stick on to the slide and will wash off the slide. If any cell remain
What are the advantages of differential staining over simple staining?	A simple stain is used to determine cell shape and arrangement. A differential stain is used to distinguish kinds of bacteria based on their reaction to the differential stain.
Which is the most crucial step in the gram staining procedure?	The most crucial step in the gram staining procedure is the decolorizer with the 95% ethyl alcohol. It is the most crucial because if you keep it on for too long it will remove the cells off the microscopic slide.
Can methylene blue be used in place of nigrosin for negative staining of bacteria?	No because methylene blue is basic and nigrosin is acidic. When doing a negative stain you don't want to use a positively charged stain because you will not be able to see the negatively charged organisms.
Why do bacteria remain unstained in a negative stain?	Because the stain will not penetrate the cells due to the negative charge on the surface of bacteria. That is why the cell remain unstained against the black background and the organism appears transparent.
Why must heat be used with application of the primary stain during acid-fast staining?	Heat is used with application of the primary stain during acid-fast staining because it is fixing the bacteria on the slide. The primary stain in this case
What disease is diagnosed using this stain?	A positive acid fast bacteria Kinyoun stain would indicate the presence of M. tuberculosis.
What is the medical significance of the capsule?	The medical significance of the capsule is that it "hides" the bacteria to disguise it to protect it from phagocytosis so that the white blood cells can not attack it.
Why are living	unstained bacteria more difficult to observe than stained preparations?
Why should living specimens be observed?	Living specimens should be observed because you can see their motility.
Describe the criteria used to distinguish Brownian movement from true	directed motility.
Define sediment.	when the appearance (scum) of growth is on the bottom of the broth media
Pellicle	when the appearance (scum) of growth is on the surface of the broth media.
spectrophotometer	measure turbidity
defined	chemically defined i.e. inorganic salts-> not growth because it lacs carbon
real defined media	glucose salts
nutrient broth	undefined- grow faster because of proteins and amino acid
enrichment complex	has vitamins (yeast) NB+YE should grow better in this than nutrient broth
If you see yellow in mannitol what does it mean?	it is being fermented
When MAC ferments it is what color in a media?	pink
In EMB fermentation is what color	pink-purple
In emb for reasons unknown ecoli is	green metallic sheen
When HE ferments it is what color	browtn theymole blue
He produces H2S what color is the colony?	black
viable cell count	only count living cells
what is the only way to know if the cell is viable?	if it forms a colony
obligate aerobe	surface growth
facultative anaerobic	more on tope
aerotolerant anaerobe	growth throughout
strict anaerobe	growth only at bottom
microaerophile	growth below the surface.
what growth range is S. Marcescens in	mesophiles
What growth range is ecoli	mesophile
what growth range is A. Psychrophile	A. Faecalis
what growth range is B. Stearothermophilus	thermophile
What growth range is S. Cerevisiae	mesohile
What didn't grow mannitol	e coli
What didn't grow in mac conkey	s. aureus
What didnt grow in eosin- methylene blue	s aureus
what didn't grow in the rose agar	e colie
what didnt grow in he	s.aureus
Smarcescens	mesophile
Ecolie	mesophile
A faecalis	facultative psychrophile
B. stearothermophilus	thermophile
S Cerevisiae	mesophile
M. luteus	Obligate aerobe
B. cereus	facultative anaerobe
E.coli	facultative anaerobe
C. sporogenes	stric anaerobe

Created by: raisin16

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