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Joint Fires Course
Joint Fires Course (JFC) Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the five components of the Theater Air Ground System (TAGS) | TACS (Theater Air Control System) AAGS (Army Air Ground System) NTACS (Navy Tactical Air Control System) MACCS (Marine Air Command and Control System) SOAGS (Special Operations Air-Ground System) |
| Identify the characteristics of a Joint Force Commander (JFC) and the service forces provided | Authorized to exercise combatant command or operational control over a joint force, Mission is broad in scope and service-independent Controlling: Army forces, Air Force forces, Navy forces, Marine forces, Special Operations forces |
| Describe Air Force Forces Commander, JFACC | Service component commander with preponderance of air assets and C2 structure to support operations |
| Describe AOC | Jointly staffed facility established for planning, directing, and executing joint air operations in support of the JFC’s operation or campaign objectives. Senior element in the TACS / Provides centralized control. Command center used by the JFACC. |
| Describe ICC | Air expeditionary wing commander’s C2 element. Decentralized execution. Breaks out ATO into specific missions, sorties and crew. Assists aircrew in planning missions and sorties. Forwards mission results to the AOC |
| Describe ACCE | JFACC senior liaison element. JFACC establishes to interface and provide liaison with the JFLCC |
| Describe CRC | Senior USAF radar element. Subordinate to the AOC. Provides decentralized execution of airspace control |
| Describe TACP | Two primary missions: Advise ground commanders on capabilities/limitations of air operations (Liaison);Provide terminal attack control of CAS (Control). Located at each echelon from battalion to corps |
| Describe ASOC | Senior AF liaison and control element to the AAGS. Located with Army senior tactical echelon. Manages fixed-wing air distributed to a Ground CC Functions. Provides rapid reaction to immediate CAS requests |
| Describe AWACS | Subordinate to the AOC. Provides battle management C2. Limited COD of AOC. Provides radar coverage |
| Describe JSTARS | Detects, classifies, tracks and provides attack support for time-sensitive ground and slow-moving airborne targets. Provides air-to-ground surveillance. Theater ground picture |
| Describe UAS | Provides ISR support. Strike capability. Three primary components. Air vehicle with Sensor. Launch and recovery element. Ground control station. |
| Describe FAC (A) | Airborne extension of the TACP |
| Describe TAC (A) | Airborne extension of air support control agencies |
| Describe Army Forces Commander, JFLCC | Service component commander with the preponderance of the land forces and the C2 structure to support operations |
| Describe CP | Processes, coordinates, and approves preplanned tactical air support requests; provides input for immediate tactical air support requests |
| Describe FC | Responsible for all fires on surface targets. Plan, coordinate, integrate, and synchronize through targeting, Army and joint fires |
| Describe AE | Corps AE links to the theater army airspace section with the BCD . Ensure airspace control authority accounts for Corps requirements and issues |
| Describe BCD | Senior Army liaison in the AOC for selected operational functions between the ARFOR and TACS |
| Describe GLD | Provides Army expertise to Air Force fighter, bomber and airlift wings. Works within the ICC but works for, and reports to, the BCD |
| Describe AAMDC | Normally designated the Theater Army Air and Missile Defense Coordinator (TAAMDCOORD) for the LCC. May be designated the Deputy Area Air Defense Commander (DAADC) for AMD by the JFC |
| Describe ADAFCO | Single point of contact between Army land-based AMD fire direction centers and the controlling authority |
| Describe ADA Bde | Theater-level operations through use of THAAD and Patriot assets |
| Describe ADA Bn | ADA battalions located at Theater and Corps. Task organized under ADA BDE to protect JFC and / or ARFOR critical assets. Organizations have short-range and medium-to-high altitude air defense capabilities |
| Air apportionment | The determination and assignment of the total expected effort by percentage and / or by priority that should be devoted to the various air operations for a given period of time. Decision made by the JFC after due consideration. |
| Air Allocation | Translation of the air apportionment decision into total numbers of sorties by weapon system type available for each operation or task. JFAAC responsibility. |
| Combat reconnaissance vehicles (CRVs) | Designed for operations at or beyond the FLOT, not to initiate combat but to survive if engaged. |
| Armored fighting vehicles | Main battle tanks (MBTs) are tracked, heavily armored vehicles with guns of generally 75 mm or more and typically weigh over 30 metric tons Light tanks are tracked, have armor protection and guns of 60 mm or greater and lighter than MBTs |
| Light Armored Fighting Vehicles | Armored personnel carriers (APCs) are intended to carry soldiers to the close combat zone Infantry fighting vehicle (IFVs) are designed to fight with soldiers onboard, to carry the soldiers forward without dismounting them if possible |
| Categories of Artillery Systems, Command and Reconnaissance | locate targets, guide laser guided projectiles, and BDA |
| Categories of Artillery Systems, Cannon | Includes guns and howitzers |
| Categories of Artillery Systems, Self-propelled cannons | Continuous support to mechanized forces |
| Categories of Artillery Systems, Multiple Rocket Launchers | Deliver heavy firepower at decisive moments |
| Categories of Artillery Systems, Mortar | Short range high angle fire support at echelons as low as company |
| Air defense artillery | Self-propelled systems are vehicle mounted Towed systems require prime mover |
| Radar surface-to-air missile systems (SAMs) | Detect and acquire the target aircraft using pointing data from command and control (C2) and/or IADS Track target and guide missile to intercept |
| Infrared Guided Surface-to-Air Missiles systems (SAMs) | Passive homing seekers lock on to energy ranging from the IR to the ultraviolet (UV) spectrums Fire and forget systems |
| Rotary-Wing Aircraft | Systems are classified as light, attack, multirole, transport and reconnaissance aircraft, and can be used for a variety of roles |
| Fixed-wing aircraft | Systems are classified as fighter/interceptor, strike, ground-attack, multirole, bombers, special mission, or transport aircraft |
| Unmanned Aerial Vehicles | Drone with a pre-programmed flight plan Remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) under operator control Newer UAVs may use both modes |
| Define the major mission command activities of the operations process | PLAN, PREP, EXECUTE and ASSESS are the major mission command activities of the ARMY OPERATIONS PROCESS |
| Warning orders (WARNORD) | A preliminary notice of actions or orders that are to follow |
| Operation orders (OPORD) | Used to direct unit operations in support of the mission |
| Fragmentary orders (FRAGORD | Provides timely changes of existing orders to subordinates while providing notification to higher |
| S3 | Coordinating staff officer Synchronizes all maneuver and maneuver support operations Responsible for the maneuver and maneuver support (M&MS) |
| S2 | Coordinating staff officer Responsible for information collection to include ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) |
| FSO | Special staff officer: FSO - BDE and below; DFSCOORD – DIV/Corps Plans, coordinates and executes all fires Responsible for the Fires Cell |
| ALO | Special staff officer Advises the commander and staff on aerospace assets Coordinates tactical air support missions with the FSO Manages the TACP |
| BAE | Special staff officer (rated aviation officer) Performs the airspace control function – airspace integrator |
| ADAM | Special staff officer Senior air defense artillery officer in the command Coordinates airspace control measures to support air and missile defense operations – airspace integrator |
| Explain the seven steps of the military decision-making process (MDMP) | Receipt of Mission Mission Analysis COA Development COA Analysis (War-Game) COA Comparison COA Approval Orders Production, Dissemination, and Transition |
| Recall the information contained in each of the five paragraphs of an operation order. | Situation Mission Execution Sustainment Command and Signal |
| Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield / Battlespace | Systematic process of analyzing the mission variables of enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations in an area of interest to determine their effect on operations |
| Identify the four steps of the IPB process | Define the Operational Environment / Battlespace Environment Describe the Environmental Effects on Operations / Describe the Battlespace Effects Evaluate the Threat / Adversary Determine Threat / Adversary Courses of Action (COA) |
| Identify the purpose of the targeting process | Integrate / synchronize fires into joint operations by utilizing available capabilities to generate a specific lethal or nonlethal effect on a target |
| Define target | An entity (person, place, or thing) considered for possible engagement or action to alter or neutralize the function it performs for the adversary |
| Define high-value target (HVT) | A target the enemy commander requires for the successful completion of the mission |
| Define high-payoff target (HPT) | A target whose loss to the enemy will significantly contribute to the success of the friendly course of action |
| Identify the primary personnel in the BCT targeting board | The Brigade Commander Executive Officer Intelligence Officer (S2) Operations Officer (S3) FSCOORD FSO Targeting Officer Electronic Warfare Officer Military Information Support Operations Officer |
| Identify the steps of the targeting process | Decide Detect Deliver Assess |
| Identify the types of systems used to detect/track targets | Fire support teams Forward observers Special operations forces Scouts Signal intercept from electronic intelligence sources Weapons locating radar Rotary-wing and fixed-wing assets Unmanned aerial systems National intelligence agencies |
| Identify the types of systems used to attack targets | Maneuver units Mortars Artillery (Cannon and MLRS / HIMARS) Naval surface fire support (naval gunfire or missile) Rotary-wing aircraft (attack helicopters) Fixed-wing Aircraft (CAS and AI) Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) SOF |
| Identify targeting objectives commonly used to describe effects | Delay Destroy Destruction Disrupt Neutralize Neutralization Suppress |
| Intelligence | The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations |
| Surveillance | The systematic observation of aerospace, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means |
| Reconnaissance | A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or adversary, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics |
| HUMINT | Advantages Enemy intentions Plans Doctrine Leadership Morale Disadvantages Not consistently available in all areas Not very timely Reliability of foreign sources problematic |
| GEOINT | Advantages Provides enemy location and movement Ideal for early warning Near-real-time capabilities Disadvantages Dependent on light and weather Radar systems are active emitters Limited number of sources and platforms |
| SIGINT | Advantages Rapid equipment identification and geolocation Excellent source of enemy order-of-battle (OB) Disadvantages Susceptible to deception Must have line of sight Resource intensive Generally limited distribution |
| List the critical elements of an RFI and to whom it is submitted | Latest time information is of value (LTIOV) Location The question |
| Types of collection assets | Satellites Aircraft Unmanned Aircraft Systems Ground-based sensors Service member |
| Intelligence products | INTREP MISREP IIR IPIR TACREP TACELINT DISUM INTSUM |
| Identify the primary goal of airspace control | Enhance effectiveness of joint and multinational air operations |
| Identify the methods of airspace control | Positive/Prodedural |
| Boundary | A line that delineates surface areas for the purpose of facilitating coordination and deconfliction of operations between adjacent units, formations, or areas |
| Phase line (PL) | A line utilized for control and coordination of military operations, usually an easily identified feature in the operational area |
| Forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) | The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering or screening forces are operating, designated to coordinate fire support, the positioning of forces, or the maneuver of units |
| Forward line of own troops (FLOT) | A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time |
| Axis of advance (AOA) | A line of advance assigned for purposes of control; often a road or a group of roads, or a designated series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy |
| Objective (OBJ) | A location on the ground used to orient operations, phase operations, facilitate changes of direction, and provide for unity of effort |
| Engagement area (EA) | An area where the commander intends to contain and destroy an enemy force with the massed effects of all available weapons and supporting systems |
| Battle position (BP) | 1) A defensive location oriented on a likely enemy avenue of approach. 2) For attack helicopters, an area designated in which they can maneuver and fire into a designated engagement area or engage targets of opportunity |
| Attack by fire (ABF) | The general position from which a unit conducts the tactical task of attack by fire. Use of direct fires, supported by indirect fires, to engage an enemy without closing with the enemy to destroy, suppress, fix, or deceive that enemy |
| Fire support area (FSA) | Maneuver area assigned to fire support ships by the naval force commander from which they can deliver gunfire support to an amphibious operation |
| Fire support station (FSS) | An exact location at sea within a fire support area from which a fire support ship delivers fires |
| Coordination level (CL) | A procedural method to separate fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft normally will not fly |
| Coordinating altitude (CA) | An airspace coordinating measure that uses altitude to separate users as they transition between different airspace control elements |
| Air corridor (AIRCOR) | A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft and established for the purpose of preventing friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly forces |
| Restricted operations zone (ROZ) | Airspace reserved for specific activities in which the operations of one, or more, airspace users is restricted |
| Coordinated fire line (CFL) | A line beyond which conventional surface-to-surface direct fire and indirect fire support means may fire at any time within the boundaries of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination |
| Battlefield coordination line (BCL) | A USMC-specific FSCM that facilitates the expeditious attack of surface targets of opportunity between the measure and the FSCL |
| Free fire area (FFA) | A specific area into which any weapon system may fire without additional coordination with the establishing headquarters |
| Kill box (KILLBX) | A three-dimensional permissive fire support coordination measure with an associated airspace coordinating measure used to facilitate the integration of fires |
| Restrictive fire line (RFL) | Definition: A line established between converging friendly surface forces that prohibits joint fires or their effects across that line |
| No-fire area (NFA) | An area designated by the appropriate commander into which fires or their effects are prohibited |
| Restrictive fire area (RFA) | An area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires that exceed those restrictions will not be delivered without coordination with the establishing headquarters |
| Zone of fire (ZF) | An area into which a designated ground unit or fire support ship delivers, or is prepared to deliver fire support |
| Airspace coordination area (ACA) | A three-dimensional block of airspace in a target area, established by the appropriate commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires |
| Fire support coordination line (FSCL) | Fire support coordination measure established by the land or amphibious force commander to support common objectives within an area of operation; beyond which all fires must be coordinated with affected commanders prior to engagement |
| Identify when planners should begin submitting initial CAS requests, plan FSCMs/ACMs, and conduct the initial Tactical Risk Assessment (TRA) during the CAS decision making process. | Planning Phase, Mission Analysis, COA Dev, COA Analysis (Wargame) |
| Identify the part(s) of the OPORD the TACP is responsible for producing | CAS planners are responsible for Appendix 5 to Annex D |
| Identify the information required to complete each section of the DD Form 1972 | Section I – Mission Request Section II - Coordination Section III – Mission Data |
| Define what the tactical risk assessment (TRA) is, who accomplishes it, and why it is accomplished | Processing of available information to ascertain a level of acceptable risk to friendly forces or civilians. Supported commander with advice from CAS “team”. The supported commander will weigh the benefits and liabilities of authorizing CAS employment |
| Identify the three types of control | Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 |
| Identify the two Army rehearsals involving the TACP | CAS planners should attend the maneuver rehearsal (combined arms rehearsal – CAR) and the fire support rehearsal |
| Identify specific information contained within the 9-line brief | Authentication Qualified / nonqualified CAS check in Situation Update Type of control prior to 9-line |
| Recognize correct terminology used during CAS target engagement | BLIND VISUAL CONTACT TALLY NO JOY |
| Describe the three types of night illumination | Ambient Cultural Artifiial |
| List the different functions of ground based IR devices and common IR brevity terms | SPARKLE - Mark/marking target by infrared (IR) pointer SNAKE - Oscillate an IR pointer in a figure eight about a target PULSE - Illuminate a position with flashing IR energy STEADY CEASE SPARKLE ROPE CONTACT SPARKLE MATCH SPARKLE |
| Describe the three basic characteristics that define the urban environment | A complex man-made physical terrain A population of significant size and density An infrastructure upon which the area depends |
| List conditions for effective urban CAS | Effective training and proficiency Planning and integration Command and control Communications Air superiority Target marking Acquisition Streamlined and flexible procedures Appropriate ordnance Favorable environmental conditions |
| Identify common problems associated with the Urban environment | Overload of visual cues Uniformity of structural environment Disparity in perspective Omni directional threat Urban canyon Presence of noncombatants Closer proximity of friendly troops |
| Identify methods of attack | Bomb on target (BOT), Bomb on coordinate (BOC) |
| TACP: | Liaison: Advise their respective ground commanders on the capabilities and limitations of airpower Control: Provide the primary terminal attack control of CAS |
| JTAC: | A qualified and certified service member who, from a forward position, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support and other air operations |
| FAC(A): | Specifically trained and qualified aviation officer Exercises control from the air of other aircraft engaged in close air support of ground troops |
| JFO: | Provide timely and accurate CAS targeting information to a JTAC / FAC(A), or directly to aircraft when authorized by the controlling JTAC / FAC(A) |
| Identify aircraft currently used in FAC (A) role | USN: F/A-18 USMC: F/A-18 USMC: AH-1Z, UH-1Y USMC: AV-8B USAF: A-10C USAF: F-16CM |
| Identify categories of LASER designation operations | Target Acquisition, Weapons Guidance |
| Identify LASER safety considerations | LASER eye protection required during ALL USAF LASER range operations NVDs are OK from behind LASER firing line No Magnifying optics to be used during LASER firing |
| Identify LASER beam characteristics | Atmospheric scatter Beam divergence Spillover Flashlight effect Podium effect Reflectivity Spot jitter |
| Identify LASER employment considerations | Line of sight Direction of attack Designation timing Favorable COMMS PRF code must match seeker system Delivery within weapon performance envelope Utilization of LASER envelope What is a LASER envelope? |
| Identify LASER safety and attack zones | 20° Laser safety zone Wedge whose apex is at the target, extends 10° either side of the LTL and extends from surface to infinity FAH must avoid the 20° safety exclusion zone unless the tactical situation dictates otherwise |
| Select the correct definition for the categories of suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) | Area of Responsibility (AOR) / Joint Operations Area (JOA)-wide air defense (AD) system suppression Localized suppression Opportune suppression |
| Identify and define the two means of accomplishing SEAD | Destructive means, Disruptive means |
| Cite the purpose of SEAD planning in MDMP | EW planners must coordinate their planned activities with other aspects of military operations that use the EMS, as well as third party users that EW does not wish to disrupt |
| Identify assets used to perform SEAD | F-16s w / AGM-88s (non-HTS) RC-135 Rivet Joint E-3 AWACS EC-130 Compass Call E-8 JSTARS MQ-9 Reaper F-35 Lightning II F-22 Raptor Eurofighter Tornado E/A-18G Growler P-8A Poseidon F-35 Lightning II Special Operations Forces (SOF) Artillery |
| Destructive means | Seek the destruction of the target system or operating personnel |
| Disruptive means | Temporarily deny, degrade, deceive, delay, or neutralize enemy surface AD systems |
Created by:
brycechilcote
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