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Connective Tissue!
UCI SOM Smith
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of connective tissues | structural support, medium for exchange, aid in defense and protection, site of fat storage |
| Embryonic CT | mesenchyme, mucous CT (wharton’s jelly (in umbilical cord)) |
| Mesenchyme comes from where | mesoderm |
| CT proper | loose (areolar), dense irregular, dense regular, reticular, adipose |
| Specialized CT | cartilage, bone, blood (hemopoietic & lymphatic tissues) |
| Components of CT | extracellular matrix (ground substance & fibers) and cells (resident/fixed &transient/wandering) |
| Ground substance | GAGs (glycosaminoglycans), PGs (proteoglycans), and Glycoproteins |
| GAGs | polysaccharides of disaccharaide subunits, unsulfated-hyaluronic acid, sulfated-keratan, chondroitin, and dermatan sulfate (sulfated GAGs are negatively charged, attract Na+ which attracts water) |
| PGs | mixture of protein with bound sulfated GAGs; important for binding and activating growth factors |
| Glycoproteins | fibronectin, laminin, entactin; have domains that bind integrins and ECM |
| Different CT Fibers | collagen, reticular (a type of collagen actually), & elastic |
| Collagen fiber assembly | tendon>bundle>fiber>fibril>tropocollagen triple helix |
| Collagen fiber info | major fibrous protein in CT; flexible, high tensile strength; <10 micro meter; stain pink with H&E |
| Tropocollagen molecules | triple helix of 3 alpha chains, every third AA is glycine, other AA are proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine |
| How many types of collagen | 7 |
| Type I collagen morphology, distribution, and fxn | large banded collagen fiber; dermis, tendon, bone, ligaments, capsules of organs; resists tension |
| Type II collagen morphology, distribution, and fxn | small banded collagen fiber; hyaline and elastic cartilage, vitreous of eye; resists pressure |
| Type III collagen morphology, distribution, and fxn | small banded collagen fiber; lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, spleen, liver, lung, cardiovascular system, skin; forms structural framework |
| Type IV collagen morphology, distribution, and fxn | sheet-like layers; basement membrane and basal lamina; forms meshwork of lamina densa, provides support and filtration |
| Type V collagen morphology, distribution, and fxn | thin fibrils; dermis, tendon, bone, ligaments, capsules of organs, placenta; associated with type I collagen, placental ground substance |
| Type VI collagen morphology, distribution, and fxn | thin fibrils; jxn of epidermis and dermis; anchoring fibrils in basement membrane |
| Collagen synthesis (8 steps) | 1)transcription 2)translation of preprocolagen in RER 3)hydroxylation in RER 4)Glycosylation in RER 5)Formation of procollagen triple helix in RER 6)secretion of procollagen via TGN 7)cleavage of propeptides to form tropocollagen molecule 8)spontaneous se |
| How do you stain a type III collagen | not H&E; use silver or PAS stain |
| How do you stain elastic fibers | not H&E; must use a specialized elastic fiber stain |
| Scurvy | vit. C deficiency; proline hydroxylation needs Vit. C; collagen becomes weak; ligaments that hold teeth in gums weaken (bleeding gums; loss of teeth) |
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome | less than normal amount of collagen; hyper flexible skin or joints; can get ruptures of intestine |
| Marfan’s syndrome | defect in fibrilin gene; lack elastin; hypermobile joints; ruptured aorta b/c aorta has no elastin |
| Fixed/resident CT cells | fibroblast, pericyte, adipocyte, mast cells, histiocyte (macrophage) |
| Transient/wandering CT cells | macrophage, lymphocytes, granulocytes [neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils] |
| Myofibroblast | in between fibroblast and smooth muscle cells; play a role in wound closure/healing |
| Unilocular adipocytes | white/yellow fat for lipid storage |
| Multilocular adipocytes | brown fat for thermogenesis |
| Action of leptin | produced by adipocytes; decreases food intake; increases energy consumption |
| Multilocular adipocyte info | 3% of infant weight, brown due to cytochromes in mitochondria; mitochondria have thermogenin which allows H+ ions to flow across inner membrane; rich capillary bed; heat production |
| Hypertrophic obesity | increase in cell size (adult onset) |
| Hypercellular obsesity | increase in cell number (childhood onset) |
| Histiocyte/macrophage | principal phagocytosing cells of CT; originate in bone marrow as monocytes; fuse to form foreign body giant cells |
| Mononuclear phagocyte cells and locations | histiocyte (connective tissue), kupffer cell (liver), alveolar macrophage (lung), macrophage (bone marrow, lymph node, spleen, thymus), plural and peritoneal macrophage (serous cavities), osteoclast (bone), microglia (CNS), langerhan’s cell (epidermis) |
| Plasma cell | originate from B lymphocytes; cartwheel nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm (blue staining); abundant in inflammation; synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins |
| Mast cells | 20-30 micrometers; from bone marrow; hypersensitivity rxn (anaphylactic shock); mediate inflammatory response (basophilic granules contain primary mediators [heparin, histamine and more] and synthesize and secrete secondary mediators [leukotrienes, thromb |
| Other leukocytes and function | neutrophils (phagocytic, digest bacteria), eosinophils (attack parasites), and basophils (inflammatory response) |
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