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Blood!
UCI SOM Smith
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What’s in blood | formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), plasma |
| % of blood | 45-50 erythrocytes, 1% leukocytes, the rest is plasma |
| plasma proteins | albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), clotting proteins (fibrinogen, prothrombin, etc.), complement proteins (C1-C9), plasma lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL) |
| erythrocytes | 7.5 micrometers, anucleate, 120 day lifespan, removed by macrophages in spleen, bone marrow and liver |
| reticulocytes | 1-2% of RBC’s; contain residual ribosomes and other organelles; lower concentration of Hb |
| Hb + O2 | oxyhemoglobin |
| Hb + CO2 | carbaminohemoglobin |
| Hb + CO | carboxyhemoglobin |
| Anemia | hypochromic anemia (iron deficiency) and normochromic anemia (sicke cell; hereditary spherocytosis |
| Polycythemia | erythrocytosis |
| 2 types of Leucocytes | granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| granulocytes | neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil |
| agranulocytes | monocyte, lymphoctye |
| % of WBC’s | neutrophil 60-70%; eosinophil 2-4%; basophil <1%; lymphocyte 20-25%; monocyte 3-8% |
| 3 types of granuloctye granules | azurophilic (=primary; in lysosome), specific (=secondary, secreted), tertiary |
| what are the azurophilic granules are and in what are they found | found in neutrophils; hydrolases, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, collagenase, cathepsin, bactericidal (permeability-increasing protein), elastase |
| Where are specific granules found and what are they | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Specific neutrophil granules | alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme |
| Specific eosinophil granules | major basic protein, acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, beta-glucoronidase, cathepsin, phospholipase, RNase, eosinophilic peroxidase |
| Specific basophil granules | Eosinophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactic factor, heparin, histamine, peroxidase |
| Where are tertiary granules found and what are they | found in neutrophils: gelatinase, cathepsin, glycoproteins |
| neutrophil | 60-70% of leukocytes, 12-15 micrometers; multilobed segmented nucleus; phagocytose microorganisms; barr body/drumstick appendage |
| band/stab cell | imature neutrophil who’s nucleus hasn’t mutlilobed |
| eosinophils | 2-4% of circulating leukocytes, 12-15 micrometers; bilobed nucleus; coarse eosinophilic granules; major basic protein in eosinophilic granules kills parasitic worms |
| basophil | 1% of leukocytes; 12-15 microns; multilobed nucleus; conspicuous basophilic granules contain heparin and histamine; mediate inflammatory responses similar to mast cells; anaphylaxis in hypersensitive individuals |
| monocytes | 3-8% of leukocytes; 12-20 microns; oval, horseshoe, or kidney shaped nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, precursor cells of the MPS that differentiate into CT macrophages |
| lymphocytes | 20-25% of leukocytes; small 6-8 microns, large 12-18 microns; round or slightly indented dense nucleus rich in heterochromatin; basophilic cytoplasm; 3 fxnl categories (B, T, Null) |
| Can you tell the difference among B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and null cells | NO |
| B lymphocytes | humural immunity; plasma cells |
| T lymphocytes | cytotoxic (killer); helper; suppressor |
| Null cells | circulating stem cells; natural killer (NK) cells |
| Platelets/thrombocytes | 2-4microns; hyalomer-clear peripheral region; granulomere- darkly stained central body; function in blood coagulation |
| Components in platelets | alpha granules (fibrinogen and PDGF), delta granules (=dense bodies;serotonin and ADP), lambda granules (=lysosomes; acid hydrolases), dense tubular system involved in Ca2+ sequestration |
| Serotinin | causes smooth muscle around blood vessel to contract |
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