An avalanche of red hot dust and gases that races down the sides of some volcanoes.
Hot spring
Water that rises to the earth’s surface as it is heated by a magma pool.
Debris flow
Mud and rock fragments that surge down a mountain when part of it collapses.
Tephra
Mixture of cinder, ash and rock.
Geyser
A spring that periodically blows steam and hot water into the air.
Magma chamber
Pockets of molten rock deep in the earth’s lithosphere
Lava
Magma that has broken through the surfaces of the earth
vent
Opening in the surface of the earth through which lava flows.
lithosphere
The crust and upper area of the earth's mantle
Crater
Bowl shape at the top of a main vent through which lava flows
Vog
Volcanic fog or gases
Cinder
Bits of ash and lava
Ash
Bits of crushed rock propelled from an erupting volcano
Volcano
A crack in the earth’s crust thru which molten rock comes to the surface.
Hot Spot
A volcano that occurs where a pool of intensely hot magma rises toward the surface melting rock until it breaks thru the crust.
Volcanologist
Scientist who study volcanoes.
Ring of fire
Ring of volcanoes found in an area around the pacific ocean
Plate
A large piece of the earth's crust that floats on the melted rock in the earth's mantle
Theory of plate tectonics
the idea tha the earths crust is made up of moving plates
plate boundary
the place where plates meet
earthquake
An event that occurs when rocks along the plate boundaries shift suddenly and release all stored energy.
fault
A break in the earths surface along which a rock can move
focus
the beginning point of an earthquake, the location which energy waves are sent
seismic wave
the vibrations that flow from the focus of the earthquake
epicenter
the point of the surface of the earth directly above the focus of the earthquake.
seismologist
A scientist tha studies the movement of the earth.
seismgraph
a machine that detects times and measures the movements of the earth.
magnitude
The amount of energy released by an earthquake.
tsunami
Giant ocean wave caused by an earthquake, volcano, or landslide occurring under or near the ocean.
Extinct
A volcano that does not have a recorded eruption and is not expected to erupt in the future.
dormant
Erupted in the distant past but are currently inactive and not expected to erupt again.
Active
A volcano that has erupted at some point during a recorded time period and is expected to erupt again.
Thurst or Reverse Fault
Occurs when rocks push together until they force a section of rock upward.
Colliding plate boundaries
Name an example of a reverse fault
Normal Fault
When rocks move apart,a section of rock may fall between the separating rocks.
The Great Rift Valley in Africa
Name an example of a Normal Fault
Slip Strike Fault
Occurs when rocks move horizontally past each other.
The San Andreas Fault in California
Example of strike-Slip Fault
Hawaiian Eruption
A quiet eruption that may continue for long periods of time.
Strombolian Eruption
Volcano that produces a fountain of lava that runs down the sides of the volcano.
Vulcanian Eruption
Is violent, usually causes a loud explosion that sends lava, ash, cinders, and gas into the air.
Pelean Eruption
Similar to the vulcanian eruption but even more violent. This eruption also produces an avalanche of red hot dust and gases called Pyroclastic flow, which races down the sides of the volcano.
Plinian
The most powerful eruption. In addition to spewing out lava, this eruption blows gases,ash, and debris very high into the atmosphere and travel for miles.
Shield Volcano
Have gradually sloping sides and look like an upside down saucer.
Cinder Cone Volcano
Resembles a hill more that a mountain. Has a bowl like crater on top and usually contains one main vent. Showers bits of ash and lawa called cinder into the air.
Composite Cone Volcano
A large symmetrical, cone-shaped volcano. It has steeps sides and measures thousands of meters high. It is made of layers of lava and tephra, a mixture of cinders, ash and rock. These volcanoes have explosive eruptions.
Richter Scale
Measures the magnitude of the seismic waves of an earthquake.
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