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CommInSocTest1
Communication in Society Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Communication (define) | the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver. Has been identified with Harold Laswell who says that communication should answer: who? says what? through which channel? to whom? With what effect? Comm. also requires response from others |
| Feedback (define) | the response to the communication |
| Interpersonal Communication (define) | communication between two or a few people. This shows that there is no clear sender or receiver rather all the participants are working to create meaning by encoding and decoding |
| Encoding (define) | message being transformed into an understandable sign and symbol system (speaking, writing, printing, filming) |
| Decoding (define) | the signs and symbols of a message are interpreted (listening, reading or watching) |
| Noise (define) | anything that interferes with successful communication |
| Medium (define) | what encoded messages are sent through; the means of sending information |
| Mass Medium (define) | a form of medium that carries a message to a large number of people |
| Mass Communication (define) | the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences |
| Inferential Feedback (define) | in the mass communication process, feedback is typically indirect rather than direct; that is, it is inferential |
| Cultural definition of communication | communication and reality are linked. It is a process embedded in our everyday lives that informs the way we perceive, construct, and view of reality and the world. |
| Culture (define) | learned behavior of members of a given social group; learned sociall acquired traditions and lifestyles incl. patterened ways of thinking, feeling, acting; leads to experience; medium for humans to survive; develop attitude toward life |
| Dominant Culture (mainstream Culture) | the culture that holds with majority of the people; often challenged |
| Bounded culture (co-culture) | groups with specific but not dominant cultures ex: itialian american, southern |
| Technological determinism | machines and their development that drive economic and cultural change |
| Media Literacy | the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of mediated communication |
| Literate Culture | culture that employs a written language |
| Oral (preliterate) culture | those without a written language; all communication must be face-to-face |
| Griots | talking chefs that provie oral histories of their people (Eskimo and african tribes) |
| Ideogrammatic alphabet | picture based alphabet such as Egyptian hieroglyphics 5000 years ago |
| Syllable Alphabet | a phonetically based alphabet employing sequences of vowels and consonants, that is, words 1800 BCE |
| Papyrus | Early form of paper composed of pressed strips of sliced reed |
| Parchment | writing material made from prepared animal skins 100 BCE by Romans |
| Literacy | the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use written symbols |
| Multiple points of Access | to approach media content from a variety of directions and derive from it many levels of meaning |
| Third-person effects | the common attitude that others are influenced by media messages but that we are not. Idea that we are media literate to understand the influence of mass comm on the attitudes, behaviors, and values of others but not self-aware or honest to see on us |
| Genre | the categories of expression within the different media such as evening news, horror, or documentary |
| Conventions | distinctive standardized style elements that is characterized within each genre (like seeing two well groomed eople at a desk on tv we assume they are news anchors and expect the news) |
| Production Values | language expressed by choice of lighting, editing, special effects, music, camera angle, location on the page, and size and placement of headline |
| The Printing Press | Chinese blocks in 600 CE but perfected by Glutenberg in 1446 |
| Platforms | the means of delivering a specific piece of media content |
| Media Multitasking | simutaneously consuming many types of media |
| Convergence | the erosion of traditional distinctions among media |
| Concentration of Ownership | ownership of different and numerous media companies concentrated in fewer and fewer hands |
| Conglomeration | the increase in the ownership of media outlets by larger nonmedia companies |
| Economies of Scale | bigger can in fact sometimes be better because the relative cost of an operations output declines as the size of that endeavor grow's; a defense of concentration and conglomeration |
| Oliogopoly | a concentration of media industries into an ever smaller number of companies |
| Globalization | primarily large nultinational conglomerates that are doing the lions share of media acquisitions. |
| Audience Fragmentation | its segments ar emore narrowly defined. it is becoming less of a mass audience |
| Narrowcasting | aiming broadcast programming at smaller, more demographically homogenous audiences |
| Niche Marketing | aiming media content or sonsumer products at smaller, more demographically homogenous audiences |
| Targeting | aiming media content or consumer products at smaller more specific audiences |
| Addressable Technologies | technology permitting the transmission of very specific content to equally specific audience members |
| Taste Publics | groups of people or audiences bound by little more than their interest in a given form of media content |
| Hypercommercialism | increasing the amount of advertising and mixing commercial and noncommercial media content |
| Product Placement | the integration, for a fee, of specific branded products into media content |
| Brand Entertainment | when commercials are part of and essential to a piece of media content |
| Payola | payment made by recording companies to DJs to air their records |
| Wi-Fi | wireless internet |
| Synergy | the use by media conglomerates of as many channels of delivery as possible for similar |
| Fraction of Selection | graphic description of how individuals make media and content choices based on expectation of reward and effort required |
| Platform Agnostic | having no preference where media content is accessed |
| Blog | regularly updated online journals |
| RSS | (really simple syndication) aggregators allowing web users to create their own content assembled from the internet's limitless supply of material |
| Appointment Consumption | Audiences consume content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributor |
| Consumption-on-demand | the ability to access any content, anytime, anywhere. |
| Early Window | the idea that media give children a window on the world before they have the critical and intellectual ability to judge what they see |
| Willing suspension of disbelief | audience practice of willingly accepting the content before them as real |
| micro-level effects | effects of media on individuals |
| Macro-level effects | media's widescale social and cultural impact |
| administrative research | studies of the immediate practical influence of mass communication |
| critical research | studies of media's contribution to the larger issues of what kind of nation we are building, what kind of people we are becoming. |
| transmissional perspective | the view of media as senders of information for the purpose of control |
| ritual perspective | the view of media as central to the representation of shared beliefs and culture |
| mass communication theories | explanations and predictions of social phenomena relating mass communications to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives or social systems |
| Cultivation analysis | idea that television "cultivates" or constructs a reality of the world that, although possibly inaccurate, becomes the accepted reality simply because we as a culture believe it to be the reality |
| Attitude Change Theory | theory that explains how peoples attitudes are formed, shaped, and changed and how those attitudes influence behavior |
| Middle-range theories | ideas that explain or predict only limited aspects of the mass communication process |
| Mass Society Theory | the idea that media are corrupting influences they undermine social order and average people are defenseless against their influence |
| Hypodermic Needle Theory | idea that media are a dangerous drug that can directly enter a person's system |
| Magic Bullet Theory | the idea from mass society theory that mesia are a powerful killing force that directly penetrates a persons system. |
| Grand Theory | a theory designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon |
| Limited Effects Theory | media's influence is limited by peoples individual differences, social categories, and personal relationship |
| Two-step Flow Theory | the idea that mesias influence on peoples behavior limited by opionon leaders people who intitially consume media content interpret it n light of their own values and beliefs and then pass it on to opinion followers who have less frequent contact w/ media |
| Opinion Leaders | people who initially consume media content interpret it in light of their own values and beliefs and then pass it on to opinion followers; from two-step flow theory |
| Opinion Followers | people who recieve opinion leaders interpretations of media content; part of the two-step flow thoery. |
| Dissonance Theory | argues that people who confronted by new information experience a kind of mental discomfort a dissonance as a result they consciously and subconsciously work to limit or reduce that discomfort through the selective processes |
| Selective Processes | people expose themselves to, remember best and longest, and reinterpret messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beleifs |
| Selective Perception | the idea that people interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs |
| Selective Exposure | the idea that people expose themselves or attend to those messages that are consistent wit their preexisting attitudes and beliefs |
| Selective Retention | assumes that people remember best and longest those messages that are consistent with their existing attitudes and beliefs |
| Reinforcement Theory | Joseph clappers idea that if media have any impact at all, it is in the direction of reinforcement |
| Uses and Gratifications Approach | the idea that media dont do things to people but people do things with media |
| Agenda Setting | the theory that media may not tell us what to think but do tell us what to think about |
| Dependency Theory | idea that media's power is a function of audience members dependency on the media and their content |
| Social Cognitive Theory | idea that people learn through observation |
| Modeling | in social cognitive theory, learning through imitation and identification |
| Imitation | in social cognitive theory, the direct replication of an observed behavior |
| Identification | in social cognitive theory, a special form of imitation by which observers do not exactly copy what they have seen but make a more generalized but related response |
| Observational Learning | in social cognitive theory, observers can acquire (learn) new behaviors simply by seeing those behaviors performed |
| Inhibitory Effects | in social cognitive theory, seeing a model punished for a behavior reduces the liklihood of the observer to perform that behavior |
| Disinhibitory Effects | in social cognitive theory, seeing a model rewarded for prohibited or threatening behavior increases the liklihood that the observer will perform that behavior |
| Cultural Theory | the idea that meaning and therefore effects are negociated by media and audiences as they interact in the culture |
| Critical Cultural Theory | idea that media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people |
| neo-Marxist theory | the theory that people are oppressed by those who control the culture, the superstructure, as opposed to the base |
| Frankfurt School | media theory, centered in neo-marxism, that valued serious art, viewing its consumption as a means to elevate all people toward a better life; typical media fare was seen as pacifying ordinary people while repressing them |
| British Cultural Theory | theory of elites odomination over culture and its influence on bounded cultures. |
| News Production Research | the study of how how economic and other influences on the way news is produced distort and bias news coverage toward those in power |
| Meaning-making Perspectives | idea that active audience members use media content to create meaning and meaningful experiences |
| Symbolic Interaction | the idea that people give meaning to symbols and then those symbols control peoples behavir in their presence |
| Product Positioning | the practice in advertising of assigning maning to a product based who buys the product rather than on the product itself |
| Social Construction of Reality | theory for explaining how cultures construct and maintain their realities using signs and symbols; argues that people learn to behave in their social world through interaction with it |
| Symbols | in social construction of reality, things that have objective meaning |
| Signs | in social construction of reality, things that have subjective meaning |
| Typification Schemes | in social construction of reality, collections of meanings people have assigned to some phenomenon or situation |
| Mainstreaming | in cultivation analysis, TVs ability to move people toward a common understanding of how things are |
| Stimulation Model | of media violence; viewing mediated violence can increase the likelihood of subsequent behavior |
| Aggressive Cues Model | of media violence; media portrayals can indicate that certain classes of people are acceptable targets for real world agression |
| Catharsis | theory that watching mediated violence reduces people inclination to behave aggressively |
| Vicarious Reinforcement | in social cognitive theory, the observation of reinforcement operates in the same manner as actual reinforcement |
| Environmental Incentives | in social learning theory, the notion that real world incentives can lead observers to ignore negative vicarious reinforcement |
| Desensitization | the idea that viewers become more accepting of real world violence because of its constant presence in tv fare |
| Stereotyping | application of a standardized image or conception applied to members of certain groups usually based on limited information. |
| Linotype | technology that allowed the mechanical rather than manual setting of print type |
| offset lithography | late 19th century advance making possible possible printing from photographic plates rather than from metal casts |
| Dime Novels | inexpensive late 19th and 20th century books that concentrated on frontier and adventure stories sometimes called pulp novels |
| Pulp Novlels | dime novel |
| Chained Bibles | bibles attached to church furniture or walls by early european church leaders |
| Aliteracy | possessing the ability to read but being unwilling to do so |
| trade books | hard or soft cover books including fiction and most nonfiction and cookbooks, biographies, art books, coffee-table books, and how-to books |
| acquisition editor | the person in charge of determining which books a publisher will publish |
| remainders | unsold copies of books returned to publisher by bookstore to be sold at a great discount |
| e-publishing | the publication and distribution of books initially o exclusively online |
| e-book | a book that is downloaded in electronic form from the internet to a computer or handheld device |
| Print on Demand (POD) | publishing method whereby publishers store books digitally for instant printing , binding, and delivery once ordered |
| e-reader | digital book having the appearance of a traditional book but with content that is digitally stored and accessed |
| Digital Epistolary Novel | novel that unfolds serially through emails, instant messaging, and web sites |
| Cottage Industry | an industry characterized by small operations closely identified with their personel |
| Subsidiary rights | a sale of a book, its content, even its characters to outside interests such as filmmakers |
| Instant Book | books published very soon after some well publicized public event |
| Acta Diurna | written on a tablet account of all the deliberations of the Roman senate; an early newspaper |
| Corantos | one-page news sheets on specific events, printed in english but published in holland and imported into England by British book sellers; an early newspaper |
| Diurnals | daily accounts of local news printed 1620s england; forerunners of our daily newspaper |
| Broadsides | sometimes broadsheets; early colonial newspapers imported from england, single sheet announcements or accounts of events |
| Bill OF Rights | the first 10 amendments to the constitution |
| First Amendment | congress shall make no law respecting an esbalishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof: or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press; or the right of the people to peacefully assemble; and to petition the Gov for a redress of gr |
| Alien & Sedition Acts | series of 4 laws passed by 1798 us congress making illegal the writing, publishing, or printing of any false scandalous malicious writing about the president, the congress, or the US government |
| Penny Press | newspapers in 1830s that sold for a penny |
| Wire Services | news-gathering organizations that provide content to members |
| Yellow Journalism | early 20th century journalism emphasizing sensational sex, crime, and disaster news |
| Newspaper Chains | businesses that own two or more newspapers |
| Pass-Along Readership | measurement o publication readers who neither subscirbe nor buy single copies but who borrow a copy or read one in a doctors office or library |
| Zoned Editions | suburban or regional versions of metropolitan newspapers |
| Ethnic Press | papers, often in a foreign language, aimed at minority, immigrant, and non-english readers |
| Alternative Press | typically weekly, free paper emphasizing events listings, local arts advertising, and eccentric personal classified ads |
| Dissident Press | free, alternative weeklies with a local and political orientation |
| Commuter Papers | free dailies designed for younger commuters |
| Feauture Syndicates | clearinghouses for the work of columnists cartoonists and other creative individuals providing their work to newspapers and other media outlets |
| Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) | permits a filing newspaper to merge most aspects of its business with a successful local competittor as long as editorial and reporting aspects remain seperate |
| Functional Displacement | when the functions of an existing medium are performed better or more efficiently by a newer medium |
| Integrated Audience Reach | total numbers of the print edition of a newspaper plus unduplicated web readers |
| Soft News | sensational stories that do not serve the democratic function of journalism |
| Hard News | news stories that help readers make intelligent decisions and keep up with important news |
| Agenda Setting | the theory that media may not tell us what to think but do tell us what to think about |
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