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FMF (Core) 106
FMF (Core) 106 FIRST AID AND FIELD SANITATION FUNDAMENTALS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1st general rule of first aid | Remain calm as you take charge of the situation and act quickly but efficiently |
| 2nd general rule of first aid | make your prelim examination in the position and place you find the victim. if you decide to move the victim do it quickly and gently to a safe location where proper first aid can be administered |
| 3rd general rule of first aid | limit your prelim survey to observing the ABCs of basic life saving |
| Irreversible brain damage can occur if breathing has stopped for how long | 4-6 mins |
| 4th general rule of first aid | examine the victim for fractures, especially the skull, neck,spine, and ribs |
| 5th general rule of first aid | remove enough clothing to get a clear idea of the extent of the injury |
| how do you remove cloths | rip along the seams |
| 6th general rule of first aid | keep the victim reassured and comfortable. do not allow the victim to see wounds |
| 7th general rule of first aid | avoid touching open wounds or burns with your fingers or unsterile objects |
| 8th general rule of first aid | position the unconscious of semiconscious victim on his side or back with the head turned to the side. |
| 9th general rule of first aid | always carry a litter patient feet first so the rear bearer can observer victim for respiratory or circulatory distress |
| what does Triage Mean | French word meaning "to Sort". the process of quickly assessing patients in a multiple casualty incident |
| SORTING FOR TREATMENT (TACTICAL "CLASS I") | Patients whose injuries require minor professional treatment that can be done on an outpatient or ambulatory basis. |
| SORTING FOR TREATMENT (TACTICAL "CLASS II") | Patients whose injuries require immediate life-sustaining measures or are of a moderate nature. Initially, they require a minimum amount of time, personnel, and supplies. |
| SORTING FOR TREATMENT (TACTICAL "CLASS III") | can be delayed without jeopardy to life or loss of limb. |
| SORTING FOR TREATMENT (TACTICAL "CLASS IV") | require extensive treatment beyond the immediate medical capabilities. |
| SORTING FOR TREATMENT (NON-TACTICAL "Priority I") | correctable life-threatening illnesses or injuries |
| SORTING FOR TREATMENT (NON-TACTICAL "Priority II") | serious but non-life-threatening illnesses or injuries |
| SORTING FOR TREATMENT (NON-TACTICAL "Priority III") | minor injuries such as soft tissue injuries, simple fractures, or minor to moderate burns. |
| SORTING FOR TREATMENT (NON-TACTICAL "Priority IV") | dead or fatally injured. |
| Primary survey | is a rapid initial assessment to detect and treat life threatening conditions that require immediate care |
| secondary survey | is a complete and detailed assessment consisting of a subjective interview and an objective exam |
| ABCDE process | Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Expose |
| The essence of shock control and prevention | to recognize the onset of the condition and to start treatment before the symptoms fully develop |
| general signs and symptoms of the development of shock | Restlessness and apprehension Eyes may be glassy and dull. Pupils may be dilated Breathing may be rapid or labored, face and skin may be very pale or ashen gray; The skin feels cool and covered with clammy sweat. The pulse tends to be rapid, weak |
| ways to control hemorrhage | pressure dressing pressure points tourniquets |
| Pressure dressing | The best way to control external bleeding is by applying a compress to the wound and exerting pressure directly to the wound |
| Pressure points | Bleeding can often be temporarily controlled by applying hand pressure to the appropriate pressure point. A pressure point is the spot where the main artery to an injured part lies near the skin surface and over a bone |
| Tourniquets | is a constricting band that is used to cut off the supply of blood to an injured limb. Use a tourniquet only as a last resort and if the control of hemorrhage by other means proves to be difficult or impossible |
| Head wounds | treated with care,always the possibility of brain damage Keep the victim lying flat If the wound is on back of head, turn victim on side Watch closely for vomiting Do not use direct pressure to control hemorrhage if skull is depressed or fractured |
| Facial wounds | all facial injuries make sure neither the tongue nor injured soft tissue blocks the airway, causing breathing obstruction. position the victim so that blood will drain out of the mouth and nose |
| Chest wounds | may cause severe breathing and bleeding problems, all chest injuries must be considered as serious conditions |
| Treatment for chest wound | Immediately seal the wound with a hand or any airtight material available Firmly tape the material in place with strips of adhesive tape and secure it with a pressure dressing Give the victim oxygen Place the victim sitting up |
| Abdominal wound | deep wound in the abdomen is likely to constitute a major emergency since there are many vital organs in this area. Abdominal wounds usually cause intense pain, nausea and vomiting, spasm of the abdominal muscles, and severe shock |
| Treatment for abdominal wound | if the intestines are not exposed, cover the wound with a sterile dressing. If exposed, apply sterile compress moistened with sterile water. Fasten the bandage firmly so compress will not slip, do not apply more pressure than necessary to hold compress. |
| closed fracture | the bone is broken but there is no break in the skin |
| open fracture | one in which there is an open wound in the tissues and the skin. Sometimes the open wound is made when the sharp end of the broken bone pushes out through the flesh |
| forearm fracture | the radius and the ulna. apply splint to the forearm, put forearm across the chest hand should be turned in with the thumb pointing upward |
| upper arm fracture | place a pad in the armpit and secure to body. support forearm in a narrow sling |
| Thigh fracture | femur moving the limb results in a spasm of the muscles and extream pain apply two splints, one on outside of injured leg and one on inside. fasten around ankle, over the knee, just below hip, around the pelvis and just below the arm pit |
| lower leg fracture | carefully straighten the leg. apply three splints one on each side and one underneath. |
| clavicle fracture | when victim stands one shoulder is lower then the other. apply a sling and swathe splint bend arm and place forearm across the chest figure 8 bandage may also be used |
| rip fracture | make victim comfortable and quiet so that the greatest danger, the possibility of further damage to the lungs, heart or chest wall by the broken ends |
| three kinds of burns | first degree second degree third degree |
| first degree burn | the epidermal layer is irritated reddened and tingling |
| second degree | epidermal blisters mottled appearance and a red base recovery usually takes 2 to 3 weeks body fluids may be drawn into the injured tissue causing a plasma loss at the surface |
| third degree burn | full thickness injury penetrating into muscle and fatty connective tissues or even down to the bone tissue color will range from white scalds to black charring burns |
| first aid for burns | maintain an open airway control hemorrhage do not remove clothing covering with clean sheets or dry dressing over 20% start intravenous therapy with electrolyte solution relieve pain with aspirin |
| Heat Cramps | Excessive Sweating may result in painful cramps in abdomen, legs and arms give victim plenty of cool water |
| Heat Exhaustion | caused by working or exercising in hot environments causes weakness dizziness nausea and loss of appetite skin may appear ashen gray, cool, moist and clammy move the victim to a cool or air-conditioned area. do not allow victim to become chilled |
| Heat Stroke | extremely high body temperature (105 or higher) preliminary symptoms such as headache, nausea, dizziness or weakness reduce heat immediately by dousing the body with cold water discontinue colling when rectal temperature reaches 102 |
| Hypothermia | General Cooling of the whole body is caused by continue exposure to lower or rapidly falling temperatures cold moisture , snow or ice rewarm the victim as soon as possible. give warm liquids to drink |
| Immersion Foot | results from prolonged exposure to wet cold temperatures ranging from just above freezing to 50 degrees. gangreen my occur. get victim off feet as soon as possible remove shoes and socks expose to warm dry air keep victim warm |
| frostbite | occures when ice crystals form in the skin or deeper tissues after exposure to temperature 32 or lower |
| superficial frostbite | the surface of the skin will feel hard but the underlying tissue will be soft take victim indoors gradually rewarm the affected area |
| deep frostbite | the freezing reaches into the deep tissue layers. there are ice crystals in the entire thickness of the extremity do not attempt to thaw the frostbitten area if there is a possibility of refreezing rapidly rewarm frozen areas by immersion in water |
| how to purify water under field conditions | remove cap from canteen and fill with water put one iodine tablet into clean water put two tablets into cloudy water replace the cap and wait 5 mins shake canteen |
| boiling water | water must be held at a rolling boil for at least 15 seconds to make it safe for drinking |
| cat hole | one foot wide and one foot deep. completely cover and pack down after each use used when on the march |
| straddle trench | 4' long, 2.5' deep, 1' wide used for 1 -3 days bivouac sites |
| Different types of carries | fireman carry one man support carry one man arms carry saddleback carry pack strap carry pistol belt carry |
Created by:
PALDIS
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