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Rice Rhetorical
Rice Rhetorical Strategies for AP Lang
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Abstract | designating qualities or characteristics apart from specific objects or events it is the opposite of concrete. |
| 2Allegory | a narrative, either in verse or prose, in which character, action. anti sometimes setting represent abstract concepts apart from the literal meaning of a story. |
| 3. Alliteration | the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, especially stressed syllables. |
| 4. Allusion | \ a brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art. |
| 5. Analogy | a process of reasoning that assumes if two stibjects share a number of specific observable qualities then they may be expected to share qualities that have not been observed |
| 6. Anaphora | \ one of the devices of repetition in which the same expression (word or worris) is repeated at the beqinning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences. |
| 7. Anastrophe | the inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. |
| 8. Antecedent | The word to which a pronoun refers (whose place it takes) is the antecedent of the pronoun. |
| 9 Anticipating Audience Response | a rhetorical technique often used to convince an audience is that of anticipating and stating the arguments that one’s opponent is likely to give and then answering these arguments even before the opponent has had a chance to voice them. |
| 10 Antithesis | A figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas, as in “Man proposes, God disposes.” Antithesis is a balancing of one term against another’ for emphasis. |
| 1 1. Aphorism | a concise statement of a principle or precept given in pointed words. famous example: “Life is short, art is long, opportunity fleeting, experimenting dangerous, reasoning difficult.” |
| 12. Apostrophe | a figure of speech in which someone (usually, but not always absent), some abstract quality, or a nonexistent personage is directly addressed as though present |
| 13. Attitude | the underlying feeling behind a tone. For example: A tone might be one of anger, but the __ behind the tone wu1d be one of concern or fear about a situation. The mother screamed at the small child, “Don’t touch that hot stove!” |
| 14. Call to Action | writing that urges people to action or promotes change. |
| 15. Characterization | the techniques a writer uses to create and reveal fictional personalities in a work of literature, by describing the character’s appearance, actions, thoughts. and feelings. |
| 16. Chiasmus | a type of balance in which the second part is balanced against the first but with the part reversed, as in Coleridge’s line, “Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike. - |
| 1 7. Classification and Division | a method of sorting, grouping. collecting. and analyzing things by categories based on features shared by all members of a class or group. Division Is a method of breaking down an entire whole into separate pans |
| 18. Cliché | a timeworn expression that through nvprnsp has Inst it power to evoke concrete images. For example. gentie as a lamb,” smart as a whip,” and “pleased as punch.” |
| 19. Coinage | a word or phrase made, invented, or fabricated. |
| 20. Colloquial Expressions | words or phrases characteristic or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing. |
| 21. Comparison / Contrast’ | a rhetorical technique for pointing out similarities or differences. Writers may use a point-by-point method to interweave points of comparison or contrast between two things or a subject-by-subject method to discuss similarities and differences. |
| 22. Compound/Complex Sentence | is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses anti at least one subordinate clause. See your grammar text for numerous examples. |
| 23 Conceit | an elaborate and surprising figure of speech comparing two very dissimilar things. It usually involves intellectual cleverness and ‘ingenuity. |
| 24. Concrete’ | pertains to actual things. instances, or experiences: opposite of abstract. |
| 25. Defensive, Offensive | a method of argumentation in which the speaker or writer defends her own views (defensive) and/or attacks the views of others (offensive). |
| 26. Definition | a method for specifying the basic nature of any phenomenon, idea. or thing. Dictionaries place the subject to be defIned in the context of the general class to which it belongs and gives distiguishing features that differentiate it |
| 27- Denotation, Connotation | the specific, exact meaning of a word. independent of its emotional coloration or associations. ____ is the emotional implications that words may carry, as distinguished from their denotative meanings, held by all or most people |
| 28. Diction | the choice of words in a work of literature and an element of style important to the work’s effectiveness. |
| 29. Doublespeak’ | language used to distort and manipulate rather than to communicate, |
| 30. Downplaying/lntensifying’ | methods of drawing attention and diverting attention. |
| 31 Ellipsis | the omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction, but understood in the context. (I love English as much as she.) \ |
| 32. Emotional Appeal | exploiting readers’ feelings of pity or fear to make a case: this fallacy draws solely on the readers’ pathos and not on logic. the most legitimate or logically Sound of all the fallacies. |
| 33. Ethical AppeaI | the most subtle and often the most powerful because it comes from character and reputation, not words. As a writer ‘your _____ stems form your ability to convince your readers that you are a reliable, Intelligent person |
| 34. Ethnocentricity | the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own group and culture. |
| 35. Euphemism | from the Greek word meaning to speak well of: the substitutions of an inoffensive, indirect, or agreeable expression for a word or phrase perceived as socially unacceptable or unnecessarily harsh. |
| 36. Exposition | writing that seeks to clarify, explain, or inform using one or several of the following methods: process analysis. definition, classification and division, comparison and contrast, and cause- arid-effect analysis. |
| 37, Figurative Language | the use of words outside their literal or usual meanings, used to add freshness and suggest associations and comparisons that create effective images: includes elements of speech such as hyperbole, irony, metaphor, personification, and simile |
| 38. Hyperbole | a FIGURE OF SPEECH in which conscious exaggeration is used without the intent of literal persuasion. It may be used to heighten effect, or it may be used to produce comic effect. |
| 39 IMAGERY | the use of language to convey sensory experience, most often through the creation of pktorial images through figurative language. For example, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day.” |
| 40. idiom | A use of words, a grarnmatic construction peculiar to a given language, or an expression that cannot be translated literally into a second language. |
| 41. Irony’ | a mode of speech in which words express a meaning opposite to the intended meaning |
| 42. Jargon | usually refers to a specialized language providing a shorthand method of quick communication between people in the same field. Often used to disguise the inner working of a particular trade or profession from public scrutiny. |
| 43. Juxtapose | placing two ideas side by side or close together. Sometimes the two ideas are completely different |
| 44. Lending Credence | In arguing her point, a writer or speaker should always lend her opponent some credit for the opponent’s ideas. In this way the writer or speaker persuades her audience that she is fair and has done her homework, thereby strengthening her own argument. |
| 45. Litotes | a form of UNDERSTATEMENT in which a thing is affirmed by stating the negative of its opposite. |
| 46. Logical Fallacies | methods of pseudoreasoning that may occur accidentally or may be intentionally contrived to lend plausibility to an unsound argument. These include **** |
| 47. logical Reasoning | is the idea that there are principles governing correct or reliable inferences. Examples include facts, reasons, and expert opinion. |
| 48. Loose Sentence | a sentence grammatically complete at some point (or points) before the end; the opposite of a periodic sentence. |
| 49. Lyrical Drama | A term used for a dramatic poem in which the form of drama is used to express lyric themes (author’s own emotions or ideas of life) instead of relying on a story as the basis of the action, |
| 50. Metaphor | a figure of speech involoving an implied comparison. |
| 51. Metonymy | a figure of speech characterized by the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself |
| 52. Mood | the overall atmosphere of a work. The tone may change from paragraph to paragraph or page to page, etc. |
| 53. Motif | In literature, recurrent images, words, objects, phrases, or actions that tend to unify the work |
| 54. Narration | the story of events and/or experiences that tells what happened. |
| 55. Onomatopoeia | the use of words that by their sound suggest their meaning. |
| 56. Oxymoron | A self-contradictory combination of words or smaller verbal units: usually noun-noun, adjective-adjective, adjective—noun, adverb—adverb, or adverb—verb (jumbo shrimp. pianoforte, bittersweet). |
| 57. Paradox | a phrase or statement that while seemingly contradictory or absurd may actually be well-founded or true. \ a rhetorical device used to attract attention, to secure emphasis. |
| 58. Parallelism | the arrangement of parts of a sentence, Sentences, paragraphs. and larger units of composition that one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased. |
| 59. Periodic Sentence | a sentence not grammatically complete before its end; the opposite of a LOOSE SENTENCE. The characteristic of a ________ is that its construction is such as constantly to throw the mind forward to the idea that will complete the meaning. ** |
| 60. Personification | attributing human characteristics to nonhuman thinqs |
| 61. Point of View | a term used In the ANALYSIS and Criticism of FICTION to describe the way in which the reader is presented with the materials of the story or, regarded from another angle, the vantage point from which the author presents the ACTIONS of the STORY. |
| 62. Polysyndeton | the repetition of conjunctions in close succession for rhetorical effect: “Here and there and everywhere.” |
| 63. Process Analysis | a method of clarifying the nature of something by explaining how it works in separate, easy-to-understand steps. (Hirschberg) Giving a class directions to baking a pie or to fixing an air-conditioning system would be an example of ____ |
| 64. Repetition | a rhetorical device reiterating a word or phrase, or rewording the same idea, to secure emphasis. |
| 65. Rhetorical Question | asked solely to produce an effect and not to elicit reply, such as When will genetic engineering fulfill its promise?” |
| 66. Rhetorical Strategies | two meanings****** |
| 67. Satire | a technique that ridicules both people and societal institutions, using iron wit, and exaggeration. |
| 68. Simile | a figure of speech involving a comparison using like or as For example: “She is as lovely as a summer’s day |
| 60. Simple Sentence | a complete sentence that is neither compound nor complex. |
| 70. Spin | (redefining) |
| 71. Style | the author’s characteristic manner of expression. ___ includes the types of words used, their placement, and distinctive features of tone, imagery. figurative language, sound, ant! rhythm. |
| 72. Syllogism | a formula for presenting an argument logically. In its simplest form.it consists of three divisions: a major premise, a minor premise. and a conclusion. |
| 73. Symbol | something concrete (such as an object, person, place, or event) that stands for or represents something abstract (such as an idea, quality, concept. or condition). The American flag is a symbol of our country’s freedom. |
| 74. Synecdoche | a type of figurative language in which the whole is used for the part or the part used for the whole. |
| 75. Syntax | the pattern or structure of the word order in a sentence or phrase: the study of grammatical structure. |
| 76. TONE!!! | the voice the writer has chosen to project to relate to readers. For example, serious, lighthearted. etc. ______ is produced by the combined effect of word choice, sentence structure, and purpose, and reflects the writer’s attitude toward the subject |
| 77. Voice | the implied personality the author chooses to adopt |
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