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NUR 374 Final Exam
NUR 374 Final Exam Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A well, defined set that has certain specified properties. | population |
| The total group of people or objects that meet the designated set of criteria established by the researcher. | population |
| Entire number of cases or elements under study. | population |
| May be called target population or universe. | population |
| A part of the population of cases or persons. | sample |
| It is a set of elements that make up the population. | sample |
| Sampling that utilizes some form of random selection when choosing the sampling units. | probability sampling |
| Sampling where it is possible to estimate the probability that each element of the population will be included in the sample. | probability sampling |
| Sampling that is based on probability theory, is less likely to result in a biased sample that is not representative of the population, and makes it possible to generalize the results to the accessible population | probability sampling |
| Sampling in which sampling error can be estimated | probability sampling |
| Difference between the sample values and population values | sampling error |
| simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster or multistage sampling | types of probability sampling |
| Sampling where elements are chosen by nonrandom methods | nonprobability sampling |
| Sampling where there is no way to predict the probability of each element being included in the study. | nonprobability sampling |
| Sampling where there is less chance that the sample is representative of the population. | nonprobability sampling |
| Sampling that limits generalization to studied sample | nonprobability sampling |
| Sampling most frequently, seen in nursing | nonprobability sampling |
| because: | nonprobability sampling |
| Sampling used when the patient population is too unknown and there is a need for informed consent | nonprobability sampling |
| convenience, snowball, purposive, expert, quota | types of nonprobability sampling |
| A probability sampling method in which the population is defined, a sampling frame is provided, and subjects will be randomly selected from the population frame. | simple random sampling |
| Define the population. | steps for simple random sampling |
| The process by which every nth element is drawn from the population. A probability sampling method that involves the selection of subjects selected randomly from a population list at fixed intervals. | systematic sampling |
| Define the population. | steps for systematic sampling |
| Listing may introduce bias with this type of probability sampling (ex: Catholic schools, military personnel) | systematic sampling |
| Possible when composition of the total population is known in respect to some significant characteristics. An appropriate number of subjects is selected from each strata or group, based on their proportion in the population. | stratified random sampling |
| Group the units of the population into homogeneous strata. | steps for stratified random sampling |
| In a study of nurses, nurses were divide into two groups based on the type of diploma they held -- A.D. or B.S. A random sample was then selected from each group. | stratified random sampling |
| the process in which the population is first divided into existing categories or clusters, and then the elements or units to be included in the study samples are selected by random sampling from each cluster | cluster/multistage sampling |
| Nursing schools were grouped into 10 geographic regions, and X were randomly selected from each. A list of students from each school was obtained, and, in order to reach the selected sample size of 400, 20 students from each school were randomly selected | cluster/multistage sampling |
| Allows the use of any available group of subjects. No control over subject selection. | convenience sampling |
| involves subjects suggesting other subjects used with difficult to locate populations or rare populations | snowball sampling |
| picking cases that are judged to be typical of the population selects particular group that is based on certain criteria, picking cases judged typical of population, researcher decides who is representative of the population, may cause great bias | purposive sampling |
| involves choosing experts in a given area. Also called the Delphi technique. | expert sampling |
| researcher must know composition of the population, researcher decides on strata, used when random sampling is not possible, samples reflect certain characteristics of the population | quota sampling |
| the probability of an inferential statistical test rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false | power analysis |
| related to sample and effect size, in other words it allows the researcher to know if there is enough of a sample to test the hypotheses | power analysis |
| Purpose: To determine the effectiveness or response of certain actions | physiological data collection |
| Examples: physical - such as measuring of weight or temperature, chemical - such as blood sugar or blood chemistries, microbiological - such as cultures, anatomical - such as MRI's, CAT scans, etc. | physiological data collection |
| Advantages- 1) Objectivity - They give you a specific number or reading. Generally, there is little room for subjectivity in the readings, other than technical error. 2) Precision 3) Sensitivity | physiological data collection |
| Disadvantages: 1) They may require the use of special equipment or training 2) The use of the equipment may change the variable. 3) Environmental factors may impact the equipment. 4) Some variables cannot be measured physiologically | physiological data collection |
| Critiquing Criteria: 1) Instruments appropriate to the research problem 2) Rationale for selection given 3) Provision for evaluating the accuracy of the instruments and those who use it | physiological data collection |
| This method is commonly used in nursing research. Subjects in a research study often have information that can only be obtained through asking them questions | interview/questionnaire data collection |
| Purpose: To ask subjects to report data for themselves. Commonly used in survey research. It enables you to gain access to a large population. | interview/questionnaire data collection |
| The main disadvantage is the problem with social desirability. People will tell you what they think you want to hear. There may be a problem with the accuracy of the information obtained. | interview/questionnaire data collection |
| Very helpful in determining human behavior. Human behavior often cannot be measured through other methods. | observational methods |
| To be scientific, the researcher should: 1) Have certain objectives in mind 2) Systematically plan and record 3) Check and control all observations 4) Relate observations to scientific concepts and theories | observational methods |
| do subjects know they are being observed? | concealment |
| does the observer provoke actions from the subject? | intervention |
| To study or examine existing data in a new way, to look for trends and patterns in the data. | available records/data |
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