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BIO202 Chapt. 10 Dig
RIO Salado Marieb Flashcard, Quiz, Term Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins. | False |
| Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is completely digested and the waste is prepared for elimination. | True |
| The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons. | False |
| The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins. | False |
| As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients more readily available to the body. | True |
| Acessory Organs | Tongue, Gallbladder, Salivary Glands, Teeth, Liver, Pancreas |
| Alimentary Canal | Esophagus, Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Mouth, Pharynx |
| Dentin anchors the tooth in place. | False |
| Cystic fibrosis may significantly impair the activity of the liver. | False |
| Another term for swallowing is deglutination. | True |
| Process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph | Absorption |
| The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow. | False |
| Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube | Peristalsis |
| The first teeth are called deciduous teeth. | True |
| Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into substances that can be absorbed | Digestion |
| Enzymatic breakdown of any food molecule | Hydrolysis |
| The plicae circularis and the intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of the alimentary tube wall? | Mucosa |
| Hepatocytes do not: | Produce Digestive Enzymes |
| The solutes contained in the saliva include: | Electrolytes, digestive, enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA |
| The structure that produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine are the: | Intestinal Crypts |
| The capillaries that nurish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the | Lamina Propia |
| Which of the following enzymes are specific for proteins? | Trypsin |
| Short-chain tryglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? | Lipase |
| Chief Cells? | are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands. |
| Pancreatic amylase does not get into the small intestine via the: | Cystic Duct |
| Parietal cells of the stomach produce: | HCL, Hydrochloric acid |
| The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is the ______ canal. | Alimentary |
| Structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall= | Mesentary |
| Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption= | Villi |
| large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine | Peyer's patches |
| Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine= | Circular Folds |
| 2 regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically= | Oral Cavity and stomach |
| Mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates swallowing= | Tongue |
| Conduit for both air and food= | Pharynx |
| Three structures continuous with and representing modifications of the peritoneum= | Greater Omentum, lesser omentum, and mesentery |
| The "gullet"; no digestive/absorptive function= | Esophagus |
| Folds of the gastric mucosa= | Rugae |
| Sacculations of the large intestine= | Haustra |
| Projections of the plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell= | Microvilli |
| Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines= | ileocecal valve |
| Primary region of food and water absorption= | Small Intestine |
| Membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth= | Frenulum |
| Absorbs water and forms feces= | Large Intestine |
| Area between the teeth and lips/cheeks= | Vestibule |
| Wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum= | Appendix |
| Initiates protein digestion= | Stomach |
| Structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach= | Lesser Omentum |
| Organ distal to the stomach= | Small Intestine |
| Valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum= | Pyloric Valve |
| Posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity= | Soft Palate |
| Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions and bile pass= | Small Intestine |
| Valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum= | Pyloric Valve |
| Posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity= | Soft Palate |
| Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions and bile pass= | Small Intestine |
| Serous lining of the abdominal cavity wall= | Parietal Peritoneum |
| Principal site for the synthesis of vitamin K by microorganisms= | Large Intestine |
| Region containing two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body= | Anus |
| Bone-supported anterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity= | Hard Palate |
| visible portion of the tooth in situ= | Clinical Crown |
| material covering the tooth root= | Cementum |
| hardest substance in the body= | Enamel |
| attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures= | peridontal ligament |
| portion of the tooth embedded in bone= | root |
| forms the major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone= | dentin |
| produces the dentin= | odontoblast |
| site of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics= | pulp |
| entire portion of the tooth covered with enamel= | anatomical crown |
| produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine= | duodenal glands |
| produce(s) a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth= | salivary glands |
| produce(s) a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum= | pancreas |
| produce(s) bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct= | liver |
| produce(s) HCI and pepsinogen= | gastric glands |
| found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce(s) intestinal juice= | intestinal crypts |
| Which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainly serous? | parotid |
| Where would you expect to find the Kupffer cells of the liver? Lining the | Sinusoid Walls or Sinusoids |
| The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells-those in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves the digestive process? The ________ cells. | Acinar |
| In the human, the number of deciduous teeth is ___(1)___ ; the number of permanent teeth is ___(2)___. | In the human, the number of deciduous teeth is 20; the number of permanent teeth is 32. |
| Identify the subdivisions of the mucosa (if applicable). What are the major functions? | The subdivisions are the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The major functions are absorbtion and secretion. |
| Identify the subdivisions of the submucosa (if applicable). What are the major functions? | There are no subdivisions. The major functions are to provide a vascular supply for mucosa and protection. |
| Identify the subdivisions of the muscularis externa (if applicable). What are the major functions? | The subdivisions are the circular layer and the longitudinal layer. The functions are churning, mixing, and propulsion of food along the tract. |
| Identify the subdivisions of the serosa or adventitia (if applicable). What are the major functions? | There are no subdivisions. The functions are protection and anchoring for adventitia and reduction of friction for abdominal organs by serosa. |
| How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified and how does this modification relate to the function of the stomach? | It has a third (obliquely oriented) muscle layer. Vigorous churning activity occurs here. |
| What transition in epithelium type exists at the gastroesophageal junction? How do the epithelia of these two organs relate to their specific functions? | Changes from stratified squamous (esophagus) to simple columnar (stomach). |
| Differentiate between the colon and the large intestine. | The large intestine includes the colon, but also includes the cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, and anal canal. |
| The dental formula for permanent teeth is ([2,1,2,3]/[2,1,2,3]) x 2 = 32. Explain what this means and provide the dental formula for deciduous teeth. | There are two incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars in each jaw (upper and lower) from the medial line posteriorly. |
| What teeth are the "wisdom teeth"? | The number 3 (most posterior) molars. |
| What is the role of the gallbladder? | To store and concentrate bile made by the liver. |
| Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver? | Branch of the bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic portal vein. |
| What is the function of Kupffer cells of the liver? | Phagocytosis of debris and worn-out blood cells. |
| Why is the liver so dark red in the living animal? | Because it is a blood reservoir. |
| increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product= | catalyst |
| provides a standard of comparison for test results= | control |
| biologic catalyst: protein in nature= | enzyme |
| substance on which a catalyst works= | substrate |
| Name the end products of digestion for proteins: | amino acids |
| Name the end products of digestion for carbohydrates: | simple sugars |
| Name the end products of digestion for fats: | fatty acids and glycerol and monoglycerides |
| List the three characteristics of enzymes. | Specificity (act on a small number of substrates), temperature specific, and pH specific. |
| The enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolases. What does this mean? | Hydrolases break down organic food molecules by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus cleaving the bonds between the subunits or monomers. |
| Why is bile not considered an enzyme? | Bile only physically separates the fat droplets. It does not break the molecular bonds as do the digestive enzymes. |
| What role does bile play in fat digestion? | Emulsification of fat by bile increases the surface area for lipase activity. |
| The three-dimensional structure of a functional protein is altered by intense hear or nonphysiological pH even though peptide bonds may not break. Such inactivation is called denaturation, and denatured enzymes are nonfunctional. Explain why. | Their three-dimensional structures and active sites are necessary for their activity. If their structures are changed, the active sites change, thus inactivating the enzyme. |
| Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes operate optimally at a pH that is slightly alkaline, yet the chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach is very acid. How is the proper pH for the functioning of the pancreatic-intestinal enzymes ensured? | The pancreas delivers its enzymes to the small intestine in an alkaline-rich fluid. |
| What conclusions can you draw when an experimental sample gives both a positive starch test and a positive maltose test? | Starch digestion is partial (incomplete). |
| Assume you have been chewing a piece of bread for 5 or 6 minutes. How would you expect its taste to change during this interval? Why? | The bread would begin to taste sweet because starch is broken down to glucose by amylase. |
| What is the mechanism of absorption for fatty acids and glycerol, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? | The mechanism is by diffusion and it results in their movement into some blood capillaries but mostly lymph capillaries. |
| What is the mechanism of absorption for Amino acids, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? | The mechanism is by active transport and results in their movement into the blood capillaries. |
| What is the mechanism of absorbtion of water, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? | The mechanism is by osmosis (diffusion) and results in their movement into blood capillaries. |
| What is the mechanism of absorption for Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? | The mechanism is by active transport for sodium and calcium and by diffusion for chloride and all are moved into the blood capillaries. |
| People on a strict diet to lose weight begin to metabolize stored fats at an accelerated rate. How does this condition affect blood pH? | It would become acidic (decreased pH). |
Created by:
christopherdietrich
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