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Muscles - Misc
General
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are muscles named? | location, shape, size, direction of fibers, number of origins, origin or insertion, action |
| What are some examples of muscles named for action? | adduction, abduction, flexion, extension; flexor carpiradialus, extensor digitorum |
| What are the types of muscle action? (6) | prime mover (main muscle involved in the particular axn), antagonists (opposes axn of prime mover), fixation, synergists (helps the prime mover), ligaments, tone |
| What are the 3 types of muscles? | smooth, cardiac, skeletal (95% of all muschles) |
| What are the 5 functions of muscles? | 1) relaxed or contracted; 2) locomotion; 3) stabililze body position (posture); 4) produce heat (part of thermoregulatory system - shivering); 5) regulate organ volume in hollow organs (ex: bladder); act as sphincters (voluntary closure) |
| Describe muscle movement | always pull; never push |
| What is a muscle's origin and insertion | the origin (O) is the less moveable point of attachment; the insertion (I) is the more moveable point of attachment |
| What are some examples of muscles named for location? | temporalis, intercostals, levator scapula |
| What are some muscles named by shape? | trapezius, deltoid |
| What are some terms for muscle size? What are some examples of muscle names? | major, minor, long, short, maxiumus, minimus; ex: gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius |
| What are some muscles named for the direction of their fibers? | rectus abdominus, transverus abdominus |
| What are some muscles named for the number of their origins? | biceps, triceps, quadriceps |
| What are muscles named for origin or insertion? | sternocleidomastoid; brachioradialis |
| What is the Galea aponeurotica? | It is an aponeurosis that connects the occipitalis & the frontalis |
| Which nerve is the facial nerve | CN VII |
| Which nerve is the trigeminal nerve and which division is responsible for mastication? | CN V; mandibular division (group 3) |
| How many muscles of mastification? | 5 - buccinator, masseter, temporalis, & 2 pterygoids |
| What is the difference between the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor between cats and humans? | In the cat, the pectoralis major is the smaller muscle; in the human it is larger |
| What does it mean to reflect? | To cut away superficial muscles in order to expose the deeper muscles |
| Which intercostal muscles are used for inspiration? for expiration? | external --> inspiration; internal --> expiration ; (e -> i; i -> e) |
| What are the 3 foramen in the diaphragm? | 1) foramen for the esophagus; 2) foramen for the inferior vena cava; 3) foramen for the aorta |
| What happens if nerves above or at C2 are damaged (on both sides)? between C3-C4? | above C3 - ok; between C3-C4 - breathing impossible |
| What is the phrenic nerve? | C3-C4; it is directly attached to the diaphragm; controls breathing |
| What is the linea alba? | the line that separates the two rectus abdominus muscles; runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis |
| What is the rectus sheath? | it encloses the rectus abdominus and is formed by the aponeuroses of the other 3 abdominal muscles (transversus abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique) |
| How many trapezius muscles does a cat have? | Three: acromiotrapezius (large); clavotrapezius (superior to acromiotrapezius in neck area); spinotrapezius (inferior to acromoiotrapezius, medial to latissimus dorsi) |
| What is the only flexor innervated by the radial nerve? | brachioradialis |
| How many muscles in the human body? | more than 600 |
| From lateral to medial, name the 5 flexors of the anterior forearm; what is the flexor muscles deep to these? | brachioradialis, pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris; deep is the flexor digitorum superficialis |
| Where is the ulnar nerve located? | through the middle of the index finger |
| What is the significance of the median nerve? | It is located through the middle of the ring finger (starts in the axillary area) and is the nerve involved in carpal tunnel syndrome |
| What are the muscles of the posterior forearm from lateral to medial? (3 superficial, 1 deep) | extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum (in cats there are 2: lateralis & communis), extensor carpi ulnaris; the supinator lies deep to the extensors |
| What are the muscles of the palm? | thenar muscles- thumb side; hypothenar muscles - pinky side |
| What is the ligament that surrounds the wrist? What does it do? | the carpal ligament holds the extensor muscles on the posterior forearm (extensor retinaculum) and hold the flexor muscles on the anterior forearm (flexor retinaculum) |
| Which muscles are appropriate for IM injections (intra-muscular) | gluteus medius, vastus laterals; NOT gluteus maximus (because of sciatic nerve) |
| What are the muscles of the gluetal region? What is the difference is the gluteal region for cats? | Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus; in cats, the gluteus minimus is too small to be seen and the gluteus maximus is smaller than the gluteus medius |
| Which nerves supply the thigh? | femoral nerve - anterior thigh; obturator nerve - medial thigh; sciatic nerve - posterior thigh |
| What are the muscles that comprise the quadricep femoris? | rectus femoris (most superficial); vastus lateralis (good for IM injections); vastus medialis (deep to the rectus femoris); and vastus intermedius |
| What is the insertion of the rectus femoris? | it inserts on the patella (by the tendon of quadriceps femoris) and then crosses the patella to become the patellar ligament which inserts on the tibial tuberosity; |
| Name the 4 groin muscles from lateral to medial (IPAM); name an additional groin area muscle | IPALAM - iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor magnus (IPALAF for cats - adductor femoris instead of adductor magnus); the gracilis is also in the groin area (runs from pubic body to tibia) |
| What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles? | supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor |
| What is the longest muscle in the body? The largest? | longest - sartorius; largest - gluteus maximus |
| What is the frowning muscle? | frontalis |
| What is the laughing muscle? | risorius |
| What is the kissing muscle? | orbicularis oris |
| What is the trumpeter's muscle? | buccinator |
| What is the boxer's muscle? | serratus anterior |
| What is the tailor's muscle? | sartorius |
| What is another name for the calf area? | sural area |
| What two muscles share the Achille's tendon? | gastrocnemius & soleus |
| What is the triceps surae? | the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius & the head of the soleus |
| Generally, indicate whether muscles are flexors or extensors - anterior leg, posterior leg, anterior thigh, posterior thigh | anterior leg-extensors, posterior leg-flexors; anterior thigh-flexors; posterior thigh-extensors |
| What is myalgia? myositis? | pain in the muscle; inflammation of muscles |
| Where does the spinal nerve originate? Where does it exit the pelvis? | From spinal nerves L4-S4; exits thr the greater sciatic notch |
| Which muscles does the sciatic nerve innervate? | hamstring muscles |
| What are the muscles of facial expression? (10) | frontalis, occipitalis, corrugator supercilli, orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, orbicularis oris, platysma, buccinator, mentalis, risorius |
| What are the muscles of mastication? (5) | lateral & medial pterygoid, buccinator, temporalis, masseter |
| What are the muscles of the anterior trunk? (6) | pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, external intercostals, internal intercostals, diaphragm |
| What are the muscles of the abdomen? (4) | rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominus |
| What are the muscles of the posterior trunk? (6) (not the deep ones)(group together like muscles) | trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboids (major, minor), rotator cuff, latissimus dorsi, deltoid |
| What are the muscles of the anterior upper arm? (4) | biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, coracobrachialis, |
| What are the muscles of the neck? (5) | glossus, digastric, mylohyoid, sternohyoid, sternocleidomastoid, |
| What are the muscles of the posterior arm? (2) - name all heads | triceps brachii (lateral, long, medial), anconeus |
| What are the 3 muscles of the anterior thigh? | sartorius, quadriceps femoris, tensor fascia latae |
| What are the lateral rotator muscles? (3) | obturators (internus & externus), gemellis (superior & inferior), quadratus femoris |
| What are the hamstring muscles? (3) | biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| What are the posterior leg muscles? (5) | gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus |
| What are the anterolateral leg muscles? (6) | tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibular tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus |
| What are the tendons in the ankle area called? | superior & inferior extensor retinacula (anterior aspect) and the fibular retinaculum on the posterior aspect |
| What is the cubital fossa? | a shallow depression on the anterior aspect of the elbow |
| What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa? | superior: the line joining the medial & lateral epicondyles; medial: pronator teres; lateral: brachioradialis |
| What are the contents of the cubital fossa? | bifurcation of the brachial artery into radial & ulnar arteries, tendons of biceps brachii; portions of median & ulnar nerves; the medial cubital vein |
| What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle? | superior: inguinal ligament; lateral: medial border of sartorius; medial: lateral border of adductor longus |
| What does the floor of the femoral triangle contain? | iliopsoas, pectineus, vastus medialis, adductor longus, femoral vein, artery, nerve (VAN - medial to lateral) |
Created by:
debmurph