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earth science exam
6/13/2009
Question | Answer |
---|---|
density= | mass/volume |
the si units for density are: | mass or volume |
___ for irregular objects if found by water displacement. | volume |
___ (air, water, magma) rises because it is less dense. | warm |
___sinks. | cold |
as ___ increases, so does density. | pressure |
water is most dense as a ___. | liquid |
density=1 | g/ml |
a ___ is a prediction about a problem that can be tested. | hypothesis |
a variable is a ___ factor in an experiment. | changeable |
___ are factors in an experiment. | constants |
any valid scientific theory has passed test designed to ___ it. | invalidate |
there can be more than _ explanation for any ___ | phenomena |
the altitude of polaris equals your ___ | latitude |
latitude lines go ___ but measure north and south of the equator. | east and west |
longitude lines go ___ but measure east and west of the prime meridian. | north and south |
the closer the contour lines, the ___ the slope. | steeper |
contour lines form v's that point ___ of rivers and creeks. | upstream |
the earth consists of a ___ inner core, a ___ outer core a ___ mantle, and a thin ___ crust. | solidliquidcrustrocky |
the lithosphere is the ___ | crust |
___ crust is thinner, younger, and denser. | ocean |
oceanic crust is amde up of ___ rock. | basaltic |
___ ___ move tectonic plates. | convection currents |
___ ___ rises, cools, becomes denser and sinks. | hot materials |
convergent boundaries are colliding plates which cause folded or ___ ___ mountainhs, ___ zone (volcanoes, trenches), and ___ faults. | thrust faultedsubductionreverse |
divergent boundaries are dividing plates and cause ___, ___, ___, and volcanoes. | seafloor spreading, mid ocean ridges, rift valleys, volcanoes |
transform boundaries slide past each other and _ and earthquakes are produced. | strike slip faults |
_ can result with any plate movement. | earthquake |
_ are not related to plate movement. | hotspots |
a fault is a _ or _ in the earths crust where movement has occured. | breakcrack |
appalachian mountains are _ mountains. | folded |
_ activity is associated with subduction, rifting, or sea floor spreading. | volcanic |
an ocean plate will always _ a continental plate because it is _. | sink underdenser |
_ seismic stations are needed to find the epicenter of an earthquake. | 3 |
_ waves travel the fastest and reach the seismic station first. | p |
p waves travel through _ and _. | solids, liquids |
p waves slow down and _ when they hit the liquid outer core. | bend |
_ waves do not travel through liquids. | s |
_ is the process that rocks are broken down. (by water, air, and organisms. | deposition |
chemical weathering occurs in _, _ climates. | warmhumid |
_ weathering occurs in cold climates. (ice wedging) | mechanical |
erosion is the process by which earths materials are transported by _, _, or _. | moving water, gravity, or ice. |
_ causes all these to happen. | wind |
streams and moving water are the major _ of erosion. | agents |
_ is the dropping or settling out of sediment. | deposition |
high_=high relief areas. high _=low relief areas. | erosion, deposition |
large particles settle out _. | first |
sediment size from largest to smallest:_, _, _, and _. | gravel, sand silt, clay |
as particle size increases, _(the ability to transport water) increases. | permeability |
soil evolution starts with the weathering of _. | bedrock |
organic material must be present in order to have _. | soil |
_ consists of 3 horizons. | soil profile |
_-topsoil _-less humus, leaching from a, and _-weathered rock | a, b , c |
_ topography has caves and sinkholes produced by acidic groundwater dissolving limestone. | karst |
the_province is famous for karst topography. | valley and ridge |
ground water layers from the surface down include zone of _, _ table, zone of _ freely. | aeration, water, saturation |
an _ is a layer of rock that transports groundwater freely. | aquifer |
a spring is an area where the _ reaches the lands surface. | water table |
hydrologic or _ cycle includes the processes of evaporatioin, condensation, precipitation and runoff. | water |
the _ plain is the flattest area underlain by all types of sediments produced by the erosion of the _ mountains. | appalachian |
_ are abundant here. | fossils |
the _ is underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks produced by ancient volcanoes. | piedmont |
seperated by a _ from the coastal plain. | fall line |
_- oldest in the state. | blue ridge |
_- long parallel ridges composed of folded and faulted rocks that occurred during the _ of africa and north america during the paleozoic. | valley and ridge, collision |
karst _ and fossils are abundant | topography |
_ underlain by sedimentary rocks. | appalachian |
_ resources are found here. | coal |
a _ is found in nature, is inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition and structure. | mineral |
mineral properties depend on there _ structure. | atomic |
_ are useful and profitable. | ores |
igneous rocka re classified by _ and _. | texture, composition |
_ rocks are produced by the cooling of magma or lava. | igneous |
fast cooling- _-texture includes small grains, glassy, air holes present. | extrusive |
_=intrusive- texture includes coarse or large mineral grains. | slow cooling |
metamorphic formed by _ and _. | heat, pressure |
metamorphic include _ (banded) and _ | foliated, nonfoliated |
foliated rocks are _, _, and _. | gneiss, slate, schist |
non-foliated include _, and _. | marble, quartzite |
_ morphs into marble. | limestone |
_ morphs into quartzite | schist |
sedimentary rocks form from _, _, or _. | organic material, rock fragments, chemical precipitation |
sedimentary rock are found in flat layers or _. | strata |
_ are found in these layers. | fossils |
sedimentary subclasses include _, _, and _. | organic, clastic, chemical |
_ is formed both chemically and organically. | limestone |
_ rocks are made of fragments: conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. | clastic |
virginia _ include limestone, coal, and gravel. | resources |
_ resources can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which tehy are used, including vegetation, water and soil. | renewable |
nonrenewable are renewed very slowly or _. | not at all |
the earths water supply is renewable but also _ | finite |
a _ is the remains, impression, or other evidence of a former existence of life preserved in _. | fossil, rock |
virginias fossils are mostly _ and are from all _ in history. | marines, eras |
_ states that the oldest rocks are found on the bottom of strata and the youngest on top of strata. | law of superposition |
law of cross-cutting relationships states that an igneous _ is younger than the layers it cuts across. | intrusion |
fossils, superposition, and crosscutting are used to determine _. | relative ages |
relative ages are placing events in sequence without assigning _ numerical ages. | exact |
_ places a numerical age to an event. | absolute age |
radioactive decay, or _, if used to determine the absolute age of rocks. | half life |
uranium dating is used to find the agess of the _ rocks. | oldest |
_ is used to find the ages of human artifacts. | carbon-14 |
the earth is about _ years old. | 4.6 billion |
we have _ hgih tides, and _ low tides each day. | 2, 2 |
tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the _ and the _. | earth, moon |
currents move from _ to _ areas | warm, cold |
_ brings cold, nutrient rich water from the bottom of the ocean to the surface. | upwelling |
this is rich in _ activity. | biological |
estuaries are areas were _ mixes with _. | freshwater, saltwater |
_ rises when ice caps melt. | sea level |
cyanobacteria were responsible for the first oxygen on _. | earth |
presently blue green algae is an important source of _. | oxygen |
the ocean is the largest reservoir of _ at the earths surface. | heat |
it drives the _ of the earth. | weather |
the early atmosphere was mostly _ and very little _. | co2, o2 |
the earths atmosphere is _% oxygen,_% nitrogen, and _%trace gases | 21, 78, 1 |
human activities such as burning _ have increased co2 levels. | fossil fuels |
high co2 levels produce the _ effect. | greenhouse |
_ are decreasing the ozone levels of the upper atmosphere. | cfc's |
areas near the equator recieve the most direct _. | radiation |
clouds form when air is at or below it's _ and condensation nuclei are present. | dew point |
_ causes deflections of the atmosphere and oceans due to rotation of earth. | coriolis effect |
a psychrometer measures _ in the air. | humidity |
a barometer measures _. | air pressure |
_ are cool and dry: | highs |
_ are warm and wet. | lows |
_ is due to unequal cooling that causes air pressure differences. | wind |
wind _ from high to low. | blows |
_ move quickly and produce rain at the front. | cold front |
_ move slowly and produce miles and miles of clouds. | warm front |
the highest pressure is found at _. | sea level |
high pressure moves _ and outward. | clockwise |
low pressure moves _ and inward. | counter clockwise |
u.s weather is dominated by prevailing _. | westeries |
weather moves _ to _. | west, east |
_ is june 21 (longest day). | summer solstice |
_ is december 21 (shortest day). | winter solstice |
solstice is when the sun is at its most _ or _ point. | northern, southern |
_ are when the sun is directly over the equator. | equinox |
the earth is closer to the sun in the _. | winter |
the earth rotates w to e once in _. | 24 hours |
the earth revolves around the sun once in _. | 365,25 days |
the earth is the _ planet from the sun. | 3rd |
the moon has _ because of reflected sunlight and the _ at which we view it. | phases, angle |
_ pedulum and _ effect prove the earth rotates. | faucualts, corriolis |
_ and seasonal _ prove the earths revolution. | parallex, constellations |
two types of planets- _(rocky) and _ (gaseous). | inner, outer |
_ are known as dirty snowballs in space and originate in the _ cloud. | oort |
comets tail is the result of the _ and points _ from the sun. | solar winds, away |
comets _ is the result of the suns radiation. | coma |
asteroids are rocky or metallic iron objects with origins between _ and _. | mars, jupiter |
au= distance of _ and _. | earth, sun |
we measure _ distances in au. | planet |
light year is the distance _ travels in a _. | light, year |
we measure _ and _ distances with light years. | star, galaxy |
_ was the first manned landing on the _. | apollo II, moon |
_ was the first man on the moon. | neil armstrong |
the big bang explains the origins of the _. | universe |
the solar nebulae theory explains that the _ formed from the condensing of our sun or solar nebulae. | planets |
ours suns life cycle is _, protostar, _ red giant, white dwarf and black dwarf. | nebula, yellow main sequence star |
black holes are a _ of stars. | death stage |
we are located in the _, which is a _ galaxy. | milky way galaxy, spiral |
the 3 types of galaxies are _, _, and _. | spiral, elliptical, irregular |
_ has improved our knowledge and understanding of the universe. | the hubble space telescope |
red shifts indicate the universe is _ outward. | expanding |
this is used to support the _. | big bang theory |
coal evolution from softest to hardest- _, lignite, bituminous, anthracite. | peat |
_ are missing rock layers usually a result of erosion. | unconformities |