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sci rev nd enlight
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the scientific revolution took place at the same time as the... | reformation |
| geocentric theory is... | theory of the world being in the middle of the universe and everything revolving around the earth. |
| Aristotle | came up with the geocentric theory. A pendulum wings at a slower rhythm as it approaches its resting place. heavy objects fall faster than light ones |
| Ptolemy | expanded the geocentric theory |
| Scientific Revolution | a new way of thinking about the natural world. scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories and launched a change in European thought.Based on careful observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs. |
| Muslim Scholars | during the scientific revolution many works by Muslim scholars were translated.uncovered many manuscripts and found out they don't all agree. |
| What helped spread the new ideas of the Scientific revolution? | the printing press. |
| The Heliocentric Theory | Nicolaus Copernicus. argues that the starts, the earth, and other stars all move around the sun. |
| Copernicus | The Heliocentric Theory. Could not explain why the planets revolved around the sun. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies |
| Brahe | Recorded the movements of the planets. Astronomer. Data based on observations. |
| Kepler | Mathematician. Studied Brahe's data. concluded that certain mathematical laws govern the planetary motion. Planets revolve around sun in elliptical orbits |
| Galileo | each swing took exactly same amount of time. law of pendulum. Falling object accelerates at fixed and predictable rate. objects fall at same speed. telescope. Starry Messenger described observations of heavens. rough moon. |
| Church and Galileo | G's findings frightened church b/c it went against church teachings. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.(Copernicus and Ptolemy). Sent to trial. admit that C's theories are wrong |
| Scientific Method | Procedure for gathering and testing ideas. steps= hypothesis. experiment. analyze. conclude |
| Bacon | If you understand the world better, you will live a better life.crit how aristotle and other med. thinkers arrive at conc. empiricism-experimental method |
| Descartes | Analytical Geometry. linked algebra and geometry. relied on mathematics ad logic. Everything should be doubted until proved by reason. The only thing he knew that existed was him"i think therefore i am" Goal was to arrive at basic truths |
| Newton | Physical objects are affected equally by the same forces. the pendulum ruled the motions of the planets. universal gravitation.Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
| Universal Gravitation | Newton. every object in the universe attracts to every other object. the degree depends on mass and distance between them |
| Janssen | Microscope |
| Leeuwenhoek | observed bacteria in tooth scrapings and observes blood. Grubs and maggots did not come to life spontaneously |
| Torricelli | mercury barometer-measures atmospheric pressure and helps predict weather. |
| Fahrenheit | first thermometer using mercury. |
| Celsius | Created another scale for a therm. |
| Vesalius | dissected human corpses. On the Fabric of the Human Body (detailed drawing of human organs bones and muscle) |
| Harvey | On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals. Studied heart and blood circulation |
| Jenner | inoculation with germs from cattle disease(cowpox) gave protection from smallpox to humans. first vaccination |
| Boyle | Scientific method in chem. The founder of modern chem. The Sceptical Chymist(challenged Aristotles idea of four elements) Matter made up of smaller primary particles. Boyles law how temp pressure and volume of gas affect each other. |
| The Four Elements | earth air fire and water |
| Priestly | separated "pure gas" from air. felt better breathing this "special" air |
| Lavoisier | observed "pure gas". named gas oxygen |
| Enlightenment or the Age of Reason | time when philosophes used reason and logic to understand the laws of society. |
| Hobbes | Levithian(sea monster) all humans are wicked. w/o gov ever man at war with another. social contract-people give up rights to strong leader in exchange for law and order. Absolute monarchy. |
| Locke | people learn from experience and improve. ppl have natural ability to gov own affairs and look after society. self-gov. all people born free and equal. Natural rights-life lib and prop. gov protects rights. Two treaties on Gov |
| 5 enlightenment concepts | reason-absence of intolerance/prej, nature-nat laws of eco and politics, happiness-natures laws=happy, progress-society can b perfected, liberty-society can be set free |
| Voltaire | 70+books. exiled frm france to eng. liked eng gov. mocked french laws and customs. doubted xtanity.tolerance, reason, freedom, relig belief, free of speech. worst enemy=intolerance, prej,superstition |
| Montesquieu | political liberty. lawyer. rome's collapse due to loss of political liberties. separation of powers=exec. legi. jud. On the Spirit of Laws. checks and balances. |
| Rousseau | individual freedom. civilization corrupted peoples natural goodness. man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.born in primitive state of nature"blank slate". general will=good gov=democ(give up freedom for common good) equal titles. no nobles. |
| Rousseau's Social Contract vs Hobbes | Rousseau=agreement among free individuals to create society. Hobbes=agreement bet society and government. |
| Beccaria | laws exist to preserve social order not to avenge crimes.On Crimes and Punishments. right to speedy trial. no torture. degree of punishment should be based on seriousness of crime. capital punishment should be abolished |
| Wollstonecraft | A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. argued that women should have same education as men. womens rights to participate in polotics. |
| Salons | meetings of wealthy women. helps spread ideas of the enlightenment |
| Impact of Enlightenments | scientific knowledge quickened. more secular outlook on life. rise of individualism |
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