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Chapter 2, HBH&I
2. Basic Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What occupies space and has weight? | Matter |
| What are the three states of matter? | Solid, liquid, and gas |
| What is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical reactions | Element |
| Elements that are present in tiny amounts in the body are known as _________. | Trace elements |
| What four elements make up 96% of the body weight | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| The smallest unit of an element with that element's chemical characteristics is called a/an __________ | Atom |
| Symbol for Oxygen | O |
| Symbol for Carbon | C |
| Symbol for Hydrogen | H |
| Symbol for Nitrogen | N |
| Symbol for Calcium | Ca |
| Symbol for Phosphorus | P |
| Symbol for Potassium | K |
| Symbol for Sulfur | S |
| Symbol for Sodium | Na |
| Symbol for Chlorine | Cl |
| Symbol for Mangesium | Mg |
| Symbol for Iron | Fe |
| Symbol for Iron | Fe |
| Symbol for Iodine | I |
| This subatomic particle carries a positive (+) electrical charge and is found in the nucleus | Proton |
| This subatomic particle carries a neutral (no) electrical charge and is found in the nucleus | Neutron |
| This subatomic particle is negatively charged and can be found circling the nucleus in orbits | Electron |
| The number of protons in the nucleus is called the _________ | Atomic number |
| The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is known as the ________ | Atomic weight |
| If one adds one or more neutrons to an atom you create a _________ | Isotope |
| Unstable isotopes are called _________ | Radioisotopes |
| The process of spontaneous breakdown (decay) is called _________ | Radioactivity |
| The first electron shell of an atom contains how many electrons | Two |
| The electrical attraction between atoms is a _________ | Chemical bond |
| The three types of chemical bonds are _______, _______, and ________ | ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds |
| Transferring electrons between atoms creates a/an ______ bond | Ionic |
| Sharing electrons by the outer shells of the atoms results in what type of bond? | Covalent bond |
| The study of carbon containing substances is called _____________ | Organic chemistry |
| The study of non–carbon containing substances is called _______ | Inorganic chemistry |
| A bond that occurs between polar molecules (having one end + and one end – charged) is called a ________ bond | Hydrogen bond |
| Elements that carry an electrical charge are called _____ | Ions |
| If an ion is positively charged, it is called a/an ________ | Cation |
| If an ion is negatively charged, it is called a/an ______ | Anion |
| A substance that forms ions when it is dissolved in water is called a/an ________ | Electrolyte |
| Ions are formed when elements give up or gain a/an __________ | Electron |
| This cation is important in fluid balance, is the main extracellular cation, and also important for nerve–muscle function | Sodium: Na+ |
| This cation is a major component of bones and teeth, is important for blood clotting and muscle function | Calcium: Ca+2 |
| This cation is a component of hemoglobin (oxygen transport) | Iron: Fe+2 |
| This cation is important in acid–base balance | Hydrogen: H+ |
| This cation is the chief intracellular cation | Potassium: K+ |
| This anion is the primary extracellular anion | Chloride: Cl– |
| This anion is important in acid–base regulation | Bicarbonate: HCO–3 |
| This anion is a component of bones and teeth, also a component of ATP (cellular energy molecule) | Phosphate: |
| When an electrolyte splits, or breaks apart in solution, the electrolyte is said to _______ | Dissociate |
| The process of dissociation is referred to as ________ | Ionization |
| When two or more atoms bond together, they form a _______ | Molecule |
| A substance that contains molecules formed by two or more different atoms is called a __________ | Compound |
| The most abundant compound in the body is _______ | Water: H20 |
| Name 5 things that make water so special? | Water is universal solvent, water as a temperature regulator, water as an ideal lubricant, water in chemical reactions, and water as a protective device |
| The molecule that we breathe is called __________ | Oxygen: O2 |
| This compound is a waste product of metabolism and is eliminated through the lungs | Carbon dioxide: CO2 |
| A process whereby the atoms of molecules or compounds interact to form new chemical combinations is called a ________ | Chemical reaction |
| Chemical substances that speed up the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction are called __________ | Catalysts |
| When proteins act as catalysts they are called _________ | Enzymes |
| An electrolyte that dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and an anion (– ion) is called a/an ________ | Acid |
| HCl dissociates completely into H+ and Cl– therefore it is a strong ________ | Acid |
| Vinegar does not dissociate completely into H+ and acetate therefore it is a/an ________ acid | Weak |
| These substances are the opposite of acids and usually contain hydroxyl ion (OH–) | Bases |
| The unit of measurement of H+ in a solution is called _________ | pH |
| The pH scale ranges from ____ to _____ | 0–14 |
| A substance with a pH between 7 – 14 would be said to be acidic or basic | Basic |
| The pH of blood is maintained between the range of ____ to _____ | 7.35–7.45 |
| With reference to the pH of human blood a pH below 7.35 is said to be ________ | Acidosis |
| With reference to the pH of human blood a pH above 7.45 is said to be _______ | Alkalosis |
| What three systems or organs regulate blood pH on a minute–by–minute basis? | A buffer system, the lungs, and the kidneys |
| The ability to perform work is known as ________ | Energy |
| Name the six forms of energy | Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Radiant, Thermal, and Nuclear |
| Energy that causes movement is _______ energy | Mechanical |
| Energy stored in chemical bonds is ______ energy | Chemical |
| Energy released from the movement of charged particles is _____ energy | Electrical |
| Energy that travels in waves is called _______ energy | Radiant |
| Energy transferred because of a temperature difference is called ______ energy | Thermal |
| Energy released during the decay of radioactive substances such as isotopes is called ______ energy | Nuclear |
| An isotope is formed by adding what to the nucleus of an atom? | Neutron(s) |
| The energy transfer molecule of the human body is ______ | Adenosine triphosphate; ATP |
| A combination of two or more substances that can be separated by ordinary physical means and when separated retain their original properties are called a ________ | Mixture |
| If particles in a mixture remain evenly distributed in the fluid it is called a ________ | Solution |
| A solution has two parts. What are those parts? | Solute and solvent |
| The substance in a solution that is present in the smallest amount is called the _______ | Solute |
| The substance in a solution that is present in the greater amount is called the _______ | Solvent |
| If water is the solvent, the solution is called a/an ________ solution | Aqueous |
| If alcohol is the solvent, the solution is called a/an ________ | Tincture |
| If one has a mixture in which the particles are large and tend to settle to the bottom unless the mixture is shaken it is called a _________ | Suspension |
| If the particles do not dissolve, but they are so small that they remain suspended within the liquid, even when not being shaken this is called a __________ suspension | Colloidal |
Created by:
joniparson1
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