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ECU Genetics Intro
Final, Mendilian Genetics, Meosis, Mitosis, Recombinant DNA
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Interphase: | chromosomes are extended and uncoiled |
Prophase: | chromosomes coil up and condense; centrioles divide and move apart |
Prometaphase: | chromosomes are clearly double structures; centrioles reach the opposite poles; spindle fibers form |
Metaphase: | centromeres align on metaphase plate |
Anaphase: | centromeres split and daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles |
Telophase: | daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles; cytokenesis commences |
Postulate 1 | Unit Factors exist in pairs |
Postulate 2 | Dominance |
Postulate 3 | Random Segregation |
Codominance: | joint expression; black and white parents make gray child |
Partial Dominance: | pink flowers |
Epistasis: | a variant at one locus prevents another locus from manifesting it's effect |
Where is the bombay effect seen? | ABO blood |
What type of cross over occurs most frequently? | Noncrossover |
What type of cross over occurs less frequently than the rest? | Double cross over |
Linked genes are | inherited together |
Recombination occurs between | two non-sister chromatids of a tetrad during the prophase of meiosis I. |
Autosomal Recessive | usually skip a generation and also appear equally in sexes |
Autosomal dominant | almost always appear in each generation, affected individuals all have affected parent, and dominant autosomal traits appear equally in both sexes |
hemizygosity | males have one y and one x and only have one set of alleles for what you are looking at; usually a shift in phenotypes |
Rules for 3 Point Mapping | Myst be heterozygous at all loci, must be able to observe gentypes, and must have sufficient progeny |
Mitotic prophase have | tetraploids |
Fathers who carry a dominant X will | pass trait to all daughters |
If female expresses X linked recessive trait, | father also expresses trait |
Mothers who are homozygous will | always pass these traits to all their sons. |
Mitochandrial DNA | not chromosomal, related to inheritance of an organelle, only inherited maternally |
Edmund Wilson and Nettie Stevens | discovered different gamete types (XO, XY) |
Euploidy: | exact multiples of the haploid set of chromosomes |
deletions: | loss of DNA sequences |
Duplications: | Repitition of DNA sequences, usually on the same chromosomes |
Inversions: | reversal of dna sequences usually on the same chromosome |
translocations: | movement of sequences from one chromosome to another |
reciprocal translocations: | sequences from two differenct chromosomes exchange with one another |
nonreciprocal translocations: | movement only occurs from one chromosome to another |
Miescher Family | discovered DNA |
Griffith | tried to find a vaccine for bacterial pneumonia, found transferable material; pnemonia smooth and rough |
Oswald Avery | interested in Griffiths work; cultivated cells in liquid broth then heat kill... extracted carbs, lipids, and proteins |
Irvin Chargaff | discovered the four nitrogenous base |
Al Hershey and Martha Chase | bacteriophage life cycle |
James Watson and Francis Crick | sugggested the structure of DNA |
Rosalind Franklin | X-Ray defraction pictures |
Genome | total genetic information of an organism |
transcription: | copying one strand of DNA into RNA. |
Translation | process of copying mRNA into protein |
What is the transcription start site called? | the 1+ nucleotide |
silent mutations | don't really do anything |
Mutation | any change in the DNA; not necessarily detremental |
Transcript...think... | RNA |
Nucleotide substitutions | arise because of of triplet code degeneracy |
missense mutations: | nonsynonymous substitutions |
nonsense mutations | qchange from an amino acid coding triplet to a translation termination triplet |
Inversions can lead to | silent, missense of nonsense triplets |
Inversions can lead to )))))) if they are large | a block of amino acids |
If inversions are out of frame, they can | lead to polar effects |
Transpositions can act like | insertions or deletions |