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Theory Test IV
Unit XI Circulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiac Output | Amount of blood ejected from the heart each minute (CO = HR x SV) |
| Systole | Contraction of the heart. When the heart ejects the blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation. |
| Diastole | Relaxation of the heart. When the hearts ventricles fill with blood. This phase is twice as long. |
| S1 (lub) | First sound. Beginning of ventricular systole; caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves (loudest at the apex of the heart) |
| Atrioventricular valves | Tricuspid and mitral |
| S2 (dub) | Second sound. Beginning of ventricular diastole; caused by closure of the semilunar valves (loudest at the base of the heart) |
| Semilunar valves | Aortic and pulmonic |
| Purpose of heart valves | Keep blood moving forward and prevent regurgitation. |
| Arteries | Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues. |
| Pulmonary arteries | Carry oxygenated blood toward the heart from the lungs. |
| Veins | Carry unoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues. |
| Pulmonary veins | Carry unoxygenated blood away from the heart into the lungs. |
| Stroke Volume | Amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat (SV) |
| Heart Rate | Number of beats in each minute (HR) |
| Preload | Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of the diastolic period (end diastolic pressure) |
| Afterload | Resistance the ventricles must overcome to circulate blood. Ventricles must generate sufficient pressure to overcome vascular resistance. |
| Best way to listen for S3 and S4 | Have patient roll partially onto their left side. |
| S3 | Occurs early is diastole right after the S2 sound. (S1, S2, S3) Best heard with patient laying on their left side and will usually disappear when they sit up. "lub-dub-ee". May indicate heart failure. |
| S4 | "Ventricular gallop". Occurs near the very end of diastole just before the S1 sound (S4, S1, S2) sounds like "dee-lub-dub". Sign of hypertension. |
| Heart failure | When the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. |
| Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) | A hormone produced mainly by the left ventricle of the heart in response to increased ventricular volume pressure. |
| Normal BNP | Below 100 pg/mL (100 - 300 pg/mL indicates heart failure) |
| Left sided heart failure causes this | Pulmonary vessel congestion |
| Right sided heart failure causes this | Systemic vessel problems such as: JVD, hepatosplenomegaly, right upper quadrant pain, edema, weight gain, anorexia, nausea. |
| Types of treatments for heart failure | Treat underlying cause, beta blockers, nitrates, Digoxin, Ace Inhibitors, Oxygen, morphine. |
| Signs and symptoms of Impaired Tissue Perfusion | 5 P's: Pulse, Pallor, Pain/Parethesia, Paralysis, Polar (cool extremities) |
| Fully saturated hemoglobin requires this | All four heme groups are bound to oxygen. |
| Sinus Arrhythmia | A normal variation in heart rate. Common in infants and young children, often increasing and decreasing with each breath. |
| Atherosclerosis | Build up of fatty plaques within the arteries |
| Primary contributor to Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD) and cause of impaired blood flow to organs and tissues? | Atherosclerosis |
| Leading cause of death in North America | CVD |
| Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) | Maintains blood flow to the tissues throughout the cardiac cycle. Product of Cardiac Output x Peripheral Vascular Resistance. CO x PVR = MAP |
| Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) | Impedes or opposes blood flow to the tissues. |
| Nonmodifiable Traditional Risk Factors of CVD | Heredity, Age, Gender |
| Modifiable Traditional Risk Factors of CVD | Elevated serum lipid level, Hypertension, Cigarette smoking, Diabetes, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Heart attack |
| Cause of MI | Atherosclerosis or blood clot in vessels that supply blood to the heart, shutting of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium, resulting in necrotic tissue. |
| Signs and symptoms of MI | They vary, but may include: Chest pain (substernal and/or radiating to the left arm, jaw), Nausea, Shortness of breath, Diaphoresis. |
| Ischemia | Lack of blood supply due to obstructed circulation. |
| Cause of myocardial ischemia | Partial obstruction of coronary arteries |
| Complete obstruction of coronary artery causes this. | Results in MI (heart attach) |
| Cause of Transient Ischemic Attach (TIA) | Partial obstruction of cerebral vessels |
| Cause of a Stroke (Cerebralvascular Accident) | Complete obstruction of cerebral vessels |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease leads to what? | Ischemia of distal tissues such as the legs and feet. Gangrene and amputation may result. |
| Incompetent valves in veins | Allow blood to pool in veins, causing edema and decreasing venous return to the heart. Increases the risk for thrombi formation and PE |
| Pulmonary Embolism (PE) | An embolism that gets trapped in small pulmonary vessels, occludes blood supply to the capillary membrane so no gas exchange occurs. |
| Enzymes released in blood during an MI | Creatine kinase (CK) and troponin. Elevated levels of these can help differentiate the source of the pain. |
| Risks associated with Venous Stasis | May allow clots to develop in deep vein, often in the thigh or calf (DVT). If the thrombus breaks free, it can become a PE. |
Created by:
Jnford15
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