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Pathology general
Question | Answer |
---|---|
pyknosis | basophilia |
pyknotic nuclear fragmentation | karyorrhexis |
nuclear fading | karyolysis |
Reversible cell injury | cell swelling, nuclear chromatin clumping, decreased ATP synthesis, ribosomal detachment, glycogen depletion, fatty change |
Irreversible cell injury | Plasma membrane damage, lysosomal rupture, ca influx (oxidative phosphorylation), nuclear pyknosis, karylosis, karyorrhexis, mitochondrial permeability |
Substances chemotactic for neutrophils | IL-8, C5a, leukotriene B4, kallikrein |
Granuloma. 2 inflammatory factors that promote its formation | Nodular collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells. IL-2, IFN-gamma |
Granulomatous diseases: | .Bart the Leopard and his Crohnies went to Wegman's To Buy Listerine and Sparkling SoapBartonella, Leprosy, Wegener's granulomatosis, TB, Listeria, Sarcoid, syphillis |
Protein poor, hypocellular | transudate |
Protein rich, cellular | exudate |
Exudate due to | Lymphatic obsturction, inflammation |
Transudate due to | Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, Na retention |
Steps to leukocyte extravasation: Rolling | Sialyl X on leukocyte, e-cadherin on blood vessel |
Steps to leukocyte extravasation: Binding | Hold TIGHT to CAMera: LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 on vessel |
Steps to leukocyte extravasation: Diapedesis | movement between blood vessels mediated by PECAM-1 |
In metastasis, cadherin, laminin, integrin receptors up or down? | cadherin: down; laminin, integrin receptors: up |
abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation; reversible/irreversible? | Dysplasia; reversible |
Abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells of same tissue, often equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. Reversible/irreversible? | Anaplasia; irreversible |
Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm. reversible/irreversible? | Desmoplasia (irreversible) |
Tissue elements growing a disorganized mass that resembles a neoplasm; focal malformation that is not malignant | Harmartoma (tuberous sclerosis) |